Method and apparatus for long term evolution operation in unlicensed and shared spectrum for cloud radio access networks

ABSTRACT

There is provided a system, method, and interfaces for Radio Access Networks and Cloud Radio Access Networks.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application claims priority to U.S. Provisional PatentApplication No. 62/628,538, entitled METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR LTEOPERATION IN UNLICENSED AND SHARED SPECTRUM FOR CLOUD RADIO ACCESSNETWORKS, filed on Feb. 9, 2018, the entirety of which is incorporatedherein by reference.

The present application also claims priority to U.S. Provisional PatentApplication No. 62/659,546, entitled METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR LTEOPERATION IN UNLICENSED AND SHARED SPECTRUM FOR CLOUD RADIO ACCESSNETWORKS, filed on Apr. 18, 2018, the entirety of which is incorporatedherein by reference.

The present application also claims priority to U.S. Provisional PatentApplication No. 62/668,012, entitled METHOD AND APPARATUS FORLICENSED-ASSISTED ACCESS (LAA) FOR CLOUD RAN AND FOR MULTI-LAA CELLS,filed on May 7, 2018, the entirety of which is incorporated herein byreference.

BACKGROUND OF THE DISCLOSURE 1. Field of the Disclosure

The present disclosure relates to systems and methods for radio accessnetworks.

2. Description of the Related Art

Conventional the radio access networks (RAN) were built employing anintegrated unit where the entire RAN was processed. The RAN networktraditionally uses application specific hardware for processing, makingthem difficult to upgrade and evolve. As future networks evolve to havemassive densification of networks to support increased capacityrequirements, there is a growing need to reduce the capital andoperating costs of RAN deployment and make the solution scalable andeasy to upgrade.

Cloud based Radio Access Networks (C-RAN) are networks where asignificant portion of the RAN layer processing is performed at acentral unit (CU), also known as the baseband unit (BBU), located in thecloud on commercial off the shelf servers while the RF and real-timecritical functions can be processed in the remote radio unit (RRU) ordistributed unit (DU).

Traditional RANs implement the protocol stack (e.g., Physical Layer(PHY), Medium Access Control (MAC), Radio Link Control (RLC), PacketData Convergence Control (PDCP layers)) at the base-station (alsoreferred to as the eNodeB or eNB). In Cloud RAN, different radiofunctions are split between the RRU and the baseband unit BBU. RRUs areimplemented locally onsite, while the BBU is virtualized on the cloud,which could be hundreds of miles away from the RRU. A single BBU (orvRAN) can control multiples of RRUs in different locations.

Cloud RAN provides centralization and virtualization of RAN networks,leading to benefits such as (a) operation cost reduction due to resourcepooling and running the network on general-purpose hardware, enablingeconomies of scale, (b) performance improvements due to betterinterference management, (c) remote upgradeability and management of thenetwork, and (d) simpler migration to add new features and transitionfrom 4G to 5G networks.

In conventional long-term evolution (LTE) operation in licensed bands,mobile network operators have exclusive right to use the spectrum.Hence, they have full control over scheduling, resource allocation, andspectrum access. As new wireless technologies evolve, and since wirelessdemand has increased exponentially in the last decade, there has been aninterest in the last few years in extending LTE technologies to operatein unlicensed and shared spectrum. This happened especially after theFCC has opened new bands for unlicensed/shared operation in the 5 GHzUNII bands and other bands.

SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE

The present disclosure provides embodiments of a system, method, anddevices for LTE operation in the unlicensed bands, where a BBU isconfigured to schedule non-Guaranteed Bit Rate (non-GBR) traffic onunlicensed cells and Guaranteed Bit Rate (GBR) traffic on licensedcells. The BBU is also configured to schedule priority classes 3 and 4on unlicensed cells, while priority classes 1 and 2 are scheduled onlicensed cells.

The present disclosure also provides embodiments of a system and methodfor LTE operation in the unlicensed bands in the cloud RAN framework,where a BBU, at the Radio Link Control (RLC) layer, is configured toretransmit failed packets originally transmitted on the unlicensed bandon a licensed band.

The present disclosure further provides embodiments of a system andmethod wherein a BBU is configured to set a timer, based on anend-to-end latency requirement of the traffic, and tries transmission onan unlicensed band. Once the timer expires, the BBU can be configured toretransmit the failed packets on licensed bands. The timer threshold canbe set based on the expected duration a packet needs to be received atthe UE including the expected fronthaul latency, expected Listen BeforeTalk (LBT) latency, and other parameters.

The present disclosure still further provides a system and method forLTE operation in the unlicensed bands in which a dynamic frequencyselection (DFS) process is triggered by an LBT failure.

In an embodiment, the present disclosure provides a method, and systemand devices therefor, comprising:

transmitting, from a lower layer a Baseband Unit (BBU) to a layer of aRemote Radio Unit (RRU), via a fronthaul interface, a data transmissionat a target subframe agreed on between the BBU and the RRU, wherein thedata is sent is a number of microseconds before the RRU performs aListen Before Talk (LBT) operation for the data, wherein a Control Unit(CU) of the BBU is configured to set a timer, based on an end-to-endlatency requirement of data traffic, and is configured to attempttransmission on an unlicensed band.

In the embodiment, the CU can be further configured to:

transmit, from the CU, an RRU buffer depth (B_(RU)) amount of the data aCU transmission time threshold at which the CU is required to transmitthe data to the RRU to be transmitted over the air (OTA) at T_(start)(CUT_(th));

for the target subframe, transmit an LBT physical downlink sharedchannel (PDSCH) request to the RRU;

determine if an LBT PDSCH response is received from the RRU at the CU;

determine if the LBT PDSCH response is successful; and

if the LBT PDSCH response is successful, increment a CU transmissionstart time (T_(start)) by a buffer depth of the RRU (T_(start)=T_(start)B_(RU).), or reset the LBT operation if the received LBT PDSCH responseis not successful.

In the embodiment, the CU can be further configured to:

increment the CU transmission start time (T_(start)) by the buffer depthof the RRU (T_(start)=T_(start)+B_(RU).) when the LBT PDSCH responsefrom the RRU is determined to be successful;

determine if the remaining data is less than the buffer depth of the RRU(B_(RU)); and

-   -   if so, transmit the remaining data to the RRU at the CU        transmission time threshold CUT_(th), or    -   if not, transmit only the B_(RU) amount of data to the RRU. When        the CU determines that the LBT PDSCH response is not received        from the RRU at the CU, the CU is further configured to:

determine if a current time is a latest time the CU is expected toreceive the LBT PDSCH response from the RRU (T_(NOW)=LBT_(TH));

if so, update the time when the data is supposed to be transmitted OTA(OTA T_(start)=T_(start) ┌B_(RU)┐); and continue to determine if the LBTPDSCH response is not received from the RRU at the CU. If the CUdetermines the current time is not the latest time the CU is expected toreceive the LBT PDSCH response from the RRU (T_(NOW)=LBT_(TH)), the CUcan be further configured to: determine if the current time is equal tothe CU transmission time threshold CUT_(th), and: if so, transmit B_(RU)worth of data; or if not, return to determining if the LBT PDSCHresponse has been received.

In the embodiment, the RRU can be configured to:

determine if an LBT physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) request istransmitted by the CU;

start an LBT spectrum sensing if the LBT PDSCH request is received fromthe CU;

determine if an LBT timer for the LBT spectrum sensing has expired; andif the LBT timer has expired, send a failure message to the CU andterminate the LBT process; or

if the LBT timer has not expired, determine that a current time is astart time (T_(start)) and whether a channel is not acquired; and if nochannel is acquired, increment the T_(start) by x(T_(start)=T_(start)+x)and continue the LBT spectrum sensing. The RRU can be further configuredto: determine if a channel is acquired at time Tacq; and if no channelis acquired, discard any expired symbols from a buffer of the RRU andbuffer any newly received data; and continue the LBT spectrum sensing.The RRU can be further configured to:

if the channel is acquired, send an LBT PDSCH success message to the CU;

send a reservation signal OTA until T_(start);

send the buffered data OTA and update T_(start) as T_(start)=T_(start)B_(RU);

determine if the buffered data is less than the buffer depth of the RRUB_(RU); and

if so, continue to send the buffered data OTA; and

if the remaining buffered data is not less than the buffer depth of theRRU B_(RU), send the remaining buffered data OTA and perform a datareception check.

In an embodiment, the present disclosure provides system comprising: aBaseband Unit (BBU) configured to calculate average occupancy ratios ofall the valid channel combinations and select a channel with the minimumoccupancy ratio if the difference between the two least averageoccupancy ratios is larger than a threshold.

In an embodiment, the present disclosure provides method for an eNB, anda system and devices therefor, comprising:

selecting a cell to be added to a user equipment (UE) using a weightedsum of factors, the selecting comprising checking a plurality of cellloads of both licensed and unlicensed cells in accord with a criterion;

checking a plurality of channel gains of both licensed and unlicensedcells in accord with the criterion;

if all licensed channels are loaded, using unlicensed channels for newUEs; and

swapping between UEs in licensed and unlicensed channels based on the UEcapabilities. The criterion can be selected from criteria including:

determining if a licensed cell load is smaller than a predefinedthreshold, wherein the Enb adds the licensed cell to the UE if thelicensed cell load is smaller than the predefined threshold; and

determining if the difference between the licensed cell load and anunlicensed cell load is less than a predefined threshold, wherein theEnb adds the licensed cell to the UE if the difference between thelicensed cell load and the unlicensed cell load is less than thepredefined threshold.

In an embodiment, the present disclosure provides a system comprising:

a Remote Radio Unit (RRU) configured operate on an optimal channel touse from an unlicensed band, wherein the RRU is configured to performperiodic measurements of channels and report these measurements to aControl Unit (CU) of a Baseband Unit (BBU); and wherein the CU isconfigured to use the measurements to select the optimal channel to useand reconfigures the RRU to use the selected optimal channel. The CU canbe configured to employ instructions for dynamic frequency selection inaccord with R_(o)(f_(c)*)≥R_(o) ^(th) or P(f_(c)*)≥P^(th) to select anoptimal channel based on the RRU measurements.

In an embodiment, the present disclosure provides a system comprising:

a Baseband Unit (BBU) comprising a Control Unit (CU) configured totransmit a pilot message to a Remote Radio Unit (RRU) ahead of a datatransmission connection time to compensate for a fronthaul latency; andwherein the RRU is configured to reply to the BBU with messagesindicating a time the RRU can receive the pilot message, and wherein theCU is configured to adapt a transmission rate to the RRU based on thebuffer size at the RRU and the fronthaul latency.

In an embodiment, the present disclosure provides a method, and a systemand devices therefor, comprising:

transmitting, from a lower layer a Baseband Unit (BBU) to a layer of aRemote Radio Unit (RRU), via a fronthaul interface, a discoveryreference signal (DRS) transmission; wherein a Control Unit (CU) of theBBU is configured to:

send the DRS signal at a time DRS_(th,1) or a time DRS_(th,2);

send an LBT DRS request at a target subframe for Listen Before Talk(LBT) sensing; and

determine if a discovery measurement timing configuration (DMTC) offsettime has passed; and

if so, send the DRS transmission.

In the embodiment, the CU can be further configured to:

if the CU determines if the discovery measurement timing configuration(DMTC) offset time has not passed, determine if a current time isDRS_(th,1) or DRS_(th,2)·(T_(now)=DRS_(th,1) or T_(now)=DRS_(th,2)?);and if so, send the DRS. The CU can be further configured to:

if the CU determines a current time is not the time DRS_(th,1) or thetime DRS_(th,2) (T_(now)=DRS_(th,1) or T_(now)=DRS_(th,2)?), determineif the RRU has received an LBT DRS request; and if not, determine if theDMTC offset time has passed and continue the DRS transmission;

if the CU determines the RRU has received the LBT DRS request, determineif the outcome is successful, and if so, end the DRS transmission;

if the CU determines the LBD DRS request was not successful, determineif the DMTC offset time has passed and continue the DRS transmissionprocess.

In the embodiment, the RRU can be configured to:

determine if the DRS is received, and if so, buffer the DRS;

if the DRS is not received, continue to listen for the DRS;

if the DRS is buffered, determine if the RRU has received an LBT DRSrequest from the CU; and

if so, determine if the discovery measurement time window (DMTC) offsettime has passed, and if so, terminate the process. The RRU can beconfigured to:

if the DMTC offset time has not passed, determine if a new DRS has beenreceived; if not, start an LBT spectrum sensing at a configured time;

if a new DRS has been received, drop the existing buffered DRS andbuffer a new DRS; and start the LBT spectrum sensing at the configuredtime. The RRU can be further configured to: determine if the LBTspectrum sensing is successful; if not, send an LBT DRS failure responseto the CU; determine if the DMTC offset time has passed; if so, send anLBT DRS success response to the CU, and send the DRS over the air to thetarget device.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Non-limiting and non-exhaustive embodiments are described with referenceto the following drawings. In the drawings, like reference numeralsrefer to like parts throughout the various figures unless otherwisespecified. For a better understanding, reference will be made to thefollowing Detailed Description, which is to be read in association withthe accompanying drawings.

FIG. 1 is an example of a C-RAN system architecture and a functionalfronthaul split.

FIG. 2 shows 8 options for the split between a BBU and an RRU.

FIG. 3 are various embodiments of an intra-PHY split option.

FIGS. 4-10 are embodiments of licensed-assisted access (LAA) supporteddata transmission.

FIG. 11 is an embodiment of messaging between a lower-layer split CU andan RRU.

FIG. 12 is an embodiment of messaging between a lower layer split CU andan RRU.

FIG. 13 is a flow chart for an embodiment of a physical downlink sharedchannel (PDSCH) transmission algorithm for a CU.

FIGS. 14A-14B are flow charts for an embodiment of a PDSCH transmissionalgorithm for an RRU.

FIGS. 15-18 show examples of Fronthaul Normal subframe (SF) support.

FIG. 19 shows examples for PDSCH transmission support.

FIG. 20 is a flow chart for an embodiment of a Discovery ReferenceSignal (DRS) transmission algorithm for a CU.

FIG. 21 is a flow chart for an embodiment of a DRS transmissionalgorithm for an RRU.

FIG. 22 shows an example of DRS transmission for LBT.

FIG. 23 is a flow chart for an embodiment of a DRS transmissionalgorithm for a RU.

FIG. 24 is an example of DRS transmission for LBT.

FIG. 25 is an embodiment for assigning LAA and non-LAA capable userequipment (UE) to licensed and unlicensed component carriers (CCs).

FIG. 26 is an embodiment of a configuration and method of fronthaul rateadaptation.

FIG. 27 is a diagram of a UNII-3 band for LAA CA channel selection.

FIG. 28 is a diagram of a percentage of ON duration to the totalmeasurement duration.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS

Reference is made to Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) system,in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure. The presentapplication employs abbreviations, terms and technology defined inaccord with Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) technologystandards, including the following standards and definitions. 3GPPtechnical specifications (TS) and technical reports (TR) incorporated intheir entirety by reference herein, define the related terms andarchitecture reference models that follow.

Abbreviations

3GPP: Third generation partnership project

ARQ: Automatic repeat request

BBU: Baseband unit

BPSK: Binary Phase Shift Keying

CA: Carrier aggregation

CBRS: Citizens Broadband Radio Services

CC: Component carrier

CCA: Clear channel assessment

CCE: Control Channel Element(s)

CMS: Centralized Management System

CoMP: Coordinated multipoint transmission

COTS: Commercial off-the-shelf

CP: Cyclic prefix

CQI: Channel quality indicator

C-RAN: Cloud radio access network

CRC: Cyclic redundancy checking

CRS: Cell-specific reference signal

CSAT: Carrier-sense adaptive-transmission

CSI: Channel state information

CSI-RS: Channel state information-reference signal

CU/IIs-CU: Central unit. In this document, CU and IIs-CU are usedinterchangeably, and refers to the central unit or the processing unitin the cloud that communicates with an RU/RRU (radio unit/remote radiounit).

DCI: Downlink control indicator

DFS: Dynamic frequency selection

DM-RS: Demodulation-Reference Signal

DRS: Discovery Reference Signals

DMTC: Discovery measurement timing configuration

DL: Downlink

DU: Distribution unit

EPC: Evolved Packet Core

E-UTRA: Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access

eNB: Evolved Node B

FDD: Frequency-division duplex

FEC: Forward error correction

FFT: Fast Fourier Transform

iFFT: Inverse Fast Fourier Transform

ISM radio bands: Industrial, scientific and medical radio bands

HARQ: Hybrid automatic repeat request

HARQI: Hybrid automatic repeat request information

IoT: Internet of things

JP: Joint processing

JR: Joint reception

KPI: Key performance indicator

LAA: Licensed-assisted access

LBT: Listen-before talk

IIs: Lower-layer split

LCM: Life cycle management

LTE: Long term evolution

LTE-A: LTE Advanced

MAC: Media access control

MBSFN: Multicast-broadcast single-frequency network

MCOT: Maximum channel occupancy time

MCS: Modulation and coding scheme

MIB: Master Information Block

MIMO: Multiple input, multiple output

MMSE-IRC: Minimum mean square error-interference rejection combining

MMSE-MRC: Minimum mean square error-maximum-ratio combining

mmWave: Millimeter wave

MNO: Mobile network operator

NR: New radio

OAM: Operation and management

OSS: Operator service system

OTA: Over the air

PBCH: Physical broadcast channel

PCFICH: Physical control format indicator channel

PDCCH: Physical downlink control channel

PDCP: Packet data convergence protocol

PDSCH: Physical downlink shared channel

PHICH: Physical hybrid ARQ indicator channel

PHY: Physical layer

LPHY: Lower physical layer

UPHY: Upper physical layer

PNF: Physical network function

P-SS: Primary synchronization signal

PUCCH: Physical uplink control channel

PUSCH: Physical uplink shared channel

QAM: quadrature amplitude modulation

QPSK: Quadrature phase shift keying

RACH: random access channel

PRACH: physical random access channel

REST API: Representational state transfer application programminginterface

RF: radio frequency interface

RI: rank indicator

RLC: Radio link control

RRC: Radio resource control

RRM: Radio resource management

RU/RRU: Radio unit/remote radio unit. In this document, RU and RRU areused interchangeably.

RS: reference signal

RSSI: received signal strength indicator

SCell: Secondary cell

SF: Subframe

SFN: System frame number

SIMO: single input, multiple output

SINR: signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio

SON: Self-Organizing Network

SRS: Sounding reference signal

S-SS: Secondary synchronization signal

TB: transport block

TTI: Transmission time interval

TDD: Time division duplex

TPC: Transmission power control

UCI: Uplink Control Information

UE: user equipment

UL: uplink

UL DMRS: uplink demodulation reference signal

ULSCH: Uplink shared channel

UNII radio band: Unlicensed National Information Infrastructure radioband

vBBU: Virtualized baseband unit

VNF: Virtual network function

The present disclosure provides embodiments of systems, devices andmethods for LTE operation in unlicensed and shared spectrum for CloudRANs such as Licensed-Assisted Access (LAA), MulteFire, CitizensBroadband Radio Services (CBRS), and the like.

The present disclosure refers to data transmission over the air (OTA) byPDSCH transmission OTA. However, it is understood that the sameprocedures/methods are applied for other channels/signals (e.g.reference signals, control channels, and the like) that are multiplexedwith PDSCH.

FIG. 1 is an example of a C-RAN system architecture 100 and a functionalfronthaul split 101 for cloud RAN 100 with a Central Unit (CU) 102including a BBU 103 or BBU pools 103 and one or more Distributed Units(DU) 104 including an RRU/RU. The BBU pools 103 can be connected toother BBU pools and connected to the evolved packet core (EPC) network106 via an S1 interface. The RRUs 105 connect User Equipment (UE) 107 tothe network.

For the RRU 105 to operate and access the unlicensed/shared spectrum,various embodiments of modules are incorporated in the cloud RAN andconfigured for functions such as carrier-selection, Listen-Before-Talk(LBT), dynamic frequency selection (DFS), reference signals transmission(e.g., Discovery reference signal or DRS), and the like.

Embodiments as described herein address the challenges in enabling LTEtechnologies in unlicensed bands, which come from the fact that theseparation between different LTE layers can introduce communicationlatency between layers that go into the BBU 103 and those that go intothe RRU 105. The uncertainty in accessing the spectrum due to spectrumsensing execution introduces another problem for C-RAN, especially whencombined with the fronthaul latency in the BBU 103-RRU 105 connection.One of the main constraints in LAA is that an RRU 105 is configured toseize the spectrum right after LBT success (i.e., within a sensing slotof 9 μseconds) to prevent other Wi-Fi/eNB from using the channel.Embodiments as described herein address the fronthaul latency (from fewhundreds of μseconds to a few milliseconds) to implement LAA in C-RANs.

The present disclosure provides embodiments of systems, methods andapparatuses or devices for enabling LTE operation in theunlicensed/shared spectrum on a lower-layer (Intra-PHY, MAC-PHY, and thelike) split between the CU 102 and the DUs 104. These embodimentsmaximize the efficiency of the transport and allow the flexibility tosupport many of the features required for virtualization andcommercialization of C-RAN technology. Although the present disclosuredescribes embodiments for using the unlicensed spectrum for LTEoperation for C-RAN, various embodiments are also applicable to licensedLTE operation for C-RAN. Various embodiments are also applicable tounlicensed LTE operation for conventional RANs as well as C-RANs.

In conventional LTE networks, the LTE functionalities and the layers ofthe LTE protocol stack reside in the eNB small cell, which is deployedon site. There are multiple benefits of the C-RAN solution (i.e.,splitting the BBU 103 and the RRU) as compared to traditional LTEnetworks.

C-RAN provides flexibility to the Mobile network operators (“MNO”) to beable to optimize system performance in real-time by varying variousconfiguration and system parameters using the cloud-basedinfrastructure.

As new wireless technologies and standards appear, MNOs are required toupgrade their eNB small cells, which is usually accompanied by highcosts. In C-RAN, most of the LTE functionalities in the BBU 103 can besoftware-based, which can be easily upgraded when new wirelesstechnologies appear. This reduces the upgrading costs significantly.

Having a software-based BBU 103 in the cloud has other benefits such asthe flexibility in adding new services and the significant reduction inthe operation and management (OAM) costs.

To enable the C-RAN solution, the LTE functionalities need to be splitbetween the BBU 103 in the cloud and the RRU 105 onsite.

3GPP has defined 8 options in TR 38.801 V14.0.0 (2017-03) for the splitbetween the BBU 103 and the RRU 105 as shown in FIG. 2, where each setof arrows show the spilt between the layers in the CU 102 on the rightand the DU 104 on the left:

Option 1

-   -   RRC is in the CU 102. PDCP, RLC, MAC, physical layer and RF are        in the DU 104.

Option 2

-   -   RRC, PDCP are in the central unit. RLC, MAC, physical layer and        RF are in the DU 104.

Option 3 (Intra RLC Split)

-   -   Low RLC (partial function of RLC), MAC, physical layer and RF        are in the distributed unit. PDCP and high RLC (the other        partial function of RLC) are in the CU 102.

Option 4 (RLC-MAC Split)

-   -   MAC, physical layer and RF are in the distributed unit. PDCP and        RLC are in the CU 102.

Option 5 (Intra MAC Split)

-   -   RF, physical layer and some part the MAC layer (e.g. HARQ) are        in the DU 104. Upper layer is in the CU 102.

Option 6 (MAC-PHY Split)

-   -   Physical layer and RF are in the DU 104. Upper layers are in the        CU 102.

Option 7 (Intra PHY Split)

-   -   Part of physical layer function and RF are in the DU 104. Upper        layers are in the CU 102.

Option 8 (PHY-RF Split)

-   -   RF functionality is in the DU 104 and upper layer are in the CU        102.

There are multiple factors affecting the selection of the fronthaulsplit option,

Bandwidth: different split options have different bandwidthrequirements, which eventually plays a role in determining the fronthauldesign. As an example, option 8 (PHY-RF split) has very highrequirements on fronthaul bandwidth, which can imply higher resourceconsumption and costs in transport dimensioning (link capacity,equipment, and the like). On the other hand, one of the benefits ofoption 5 (intra MAC split) is that it reduces the bandwidth needed onfronthaul.

Latency: in the LTE protocol stack, the split between the BBU 103 andthe RRU 105 affects the latency. For example, splitting between L3 andL2 in option 1 has very low latency requirements. This split option isuseful in handling some edge computing or low latency use cases wherethe user data needs to be located close to the transmission point.Another example is split option 3 within the RLC layer. The split inoption 3-1 is more latency sensitive than the split with ARQ in DU 104,since re-transmissions are susceptible to transport network latency overa split transport network. On the other hand, option 3-2 is insensitiveto the transmission network latency between CU 102 and DU 104. In splitoption 5 (intra MAC), time critical functions are present in the Low-MACsublayer which includes the functions with stringent delay requirements(e.g. HARQ) or the functions where performance is proportional tolatency (e.g. radio channel and signal measurements from PHY, randomaccess control). This split helps in reducing the delay requirements onthe fronthaul interface. On the other hand, option 8 has very highrequirements on fronthaul latency, which can cause constraints onnetwork deployments with respect to network topology and availabletransport options.

Implementation Cost: higher splits usually have high implementationcosts compared to lower splits, since lower splits allow for morevirtualization. As an example, in split option 8, separation of RF andPHY allows pooling of PHY resources, which may enable a morecost-efficient dimensioning of the PHY layer. Separation of RF and PHYallows operators to share RF components, which can reduce system andsite costs. On the other hand, high requirements on fronthaul bandwidthimplies higher resource consumption and costs in transport dimensioning(link capacity, equipment, and the like).

Other factors include virtualization benefits, complexity of thefronthaul interface, expansion flexibility, computing power, and memoryrequirement.

Although the current disclosure presents the standardization of splitoption 7 (i.e., Intra PHY split) as an example for illustrating thedetailed aspects, the present disclosure is not limited to the splitoption 7 example, and the present disclosure is intended to encompassother split options mentioned above (e.g., split options 5, 6, and 8).

Option 7 (Intra PHY Split)

Multiple realizations of this option are possible, includingasymmetrical configurations that obtain benefits for differentsub-options for UL and DL independently (e.g. Option 7-1 is used in theUL and Option 7-2 is used in the DL). A compression technique may beable to reduce the required transport bandwidth between the DU 104 andCU 102.

In the UL, FFT, and CP removal reside in the DU 104. Remaining functionsreside in the CU 103.

In the downlink, iFFT and CP addition reside in the DU 104. The rest ofthe PHY resides in the CU 103.

FIG. 3 illustrates various embodiments of the intra-PHY split option 7and the associated tradeoffs.

Common among options 7-1, 7-2 and 7-3:

Options 7-1, 7-2 and 7-3 allow traffic aggregation from NR and E-UTRAtransmission points to be centralized. Additionally, they can facilitatethe management of traffic load between NR and E-UTRA transmissionpoints.

These options are expected to reduce the fronthaul requirements in termsof throughput.

Centralized scheduling is possible as MAC is in CU 102 (e.g. CoMP).Joint processing (both transmit and receive) is also possible with theseoptions as MAC is in CU 102.

Option 7-1

Description:

In the UL, FFT, CP removal and possibly PRACH filtering functions residein the DU 104, the rest of PHY functions reside in the CU 102.

In the DL, iFFT and CP addition functions reside in the DU 104, the restof PHY functions reside in the CU 102.

Option 7-1 also allows the implementation of advanced receivers.

Option 7-2

Description:

In the UL, FFT, CP removal, resource de-mapping and possiblypre-filtering functions reside in the DU 104, the rest of PHY functionsreside in the CU 102.

In the DL, iFFT, CP addition, resource mapping and precoding functionsreside in the DU 104, the rest of PHY functions reside in the CU 102.

Option 7-2 allows the optimal use of advanced receivers.

Option 7-3 (Only for DL)

Description:

Only the encoder resides in the CU 102, and the rest of PHY functionsreside in the DU 104.

This option is may reduce the fronthaul requirements in terms ofthroughput to the baseband bitrates, as the payload for Option 7-3 isencoded data.

As of the present disclosure, present technology fails to providetechnological solutions that address, inter alia, the configuration thefronthaul interface between the UPHY and the LPHY in split option 7. Thepresent disclosure describes embodiments that enable LTE operation inunlicensed and shared spectrum for C-RANs.

LAA

Carrier aggregation (CA) with at least one SCell operating in theunlicensed spectrum is referred to as LAA. While the present disclosuredescribes embodiments for technology for LAA, embodiments are alsoapplicable to other unlicensed spectrum technologies such as Multefire,CBRS spectrum and the like. In LAA, the configured set of serving cellsfor a UE therefore includes at least one SCell operating in theunlicensed spectrum according to frame structure Type 3, also called LAASCell. Unless otherwise specified, LAA SCells act as regular SCells.

The range 5150-5925 MHz, or parts thereof, is potentially available forlicense-assisted access to unlicensed operation. This represents asignificant amount of spectrum that can be used by operators to augmenttheir service offerings in licensed bands. The range above can beoperated under a license-exempt regime or ISM but must be shared withexisting mobile services and other incumbent services.

The quality of service offered by a licensed regime can therefore not bematched. Hence, unlicensed access is viewed as complementary, and doesnot reduce the need for additional allocations for licensed operation inview of the increased demand for wireless broadband access. There aredifferent regulatory requirements for different regions and bands, whichare described in 3GPP TR 36.889 V13.0.0 (2015-06), the entirety of whichis incorporated by reference herein. 3GPP provides specifications thatcan work for all regions.

LAA Configuration

Described are embodiments of an LAA configuration.

LAA provides a single global solution framework allowing compliance withany regional regulatory requirements. A single global solution frameworkfor LAA is optimally defined to ensure that LAA can be operatedaccording to any regional regulatory requirements. Furthermore, LAAdesign should provide sufficient configurability to enable efficientoperation in different geographical regions. The LAA configurationsoptimally target fair coexistence with existing Wi-Fi networks to notimpact Wi-Fi services more than an additional Wi-Fi network on the samecarrier, with respect to throughput and latency. The LAA configurationoptimally target fair coexistence among LAA networks deployed bydifferent operators so that the LAA networks can achieve comparableperformance, with respect to throughput and latency.

LAA Functionalities

Listen-before-talk (clear channel assessment).

The listen-before-talk (LBT) procedure is defined as a mechanism bywhich a user equipment applies a clear channel assessment (CCA) checkbefore using the channel. The CCA utilizes at least energy detection todetermine the presence or absence of other signals on a channel todetermine if a channel is occupied or clear, respectively. European andJapanese regulations mandate the usage of LBT in the unlicensed bands.Apart from regulatory requirements, carrier sensing via LBT is one wayfor fair sharing of the unlicensed spectrum and hence it is a featurefor fair and friendly operation in the unlicensed spectrum in a singleglobal solution framework.

Discontinuous transmission on a carrier with limited maximumtransmission duration.

In unlicensed spectrum, channel availability cannot always beguaranteed. In addition, certain regions such as Europe and Japanprohibit continuous transmission and impose limits on the maximumduration of a transmission burst in the unlicensed spectrum. Hence,discontinuous transmission with limited maximum transmission duration isa required functionality for LAA.

Dynamic frequency selection for radar avoidance in certainbands/regions.

Dynamic frequency selection (DFS) is a regulatory requirement for somefrequency bands, e.g., to detect interference from radar systems and toavoid co-channel operation with these systems by selecting a differentcarrier on a relatively slow time scale.

Carrier Selection

As there is a large available bandwidth of unlicensed spectrum, carrierselection is required for LAA nodes to select the carriers with lowinterference and achieve good co-existence with other unlicensedspectrum deployments.

Transmit Power Control

Transmit Power Control (TPC) is a regulatory requirement in some regionsby which the transmitting device should be able to reduce the transmitpower in a proportion of 3 dB or 6 dB compared to the maximum nominaltransmit power.

RRM Measurements Including Cell Identification

Radio resource management (RRM) measurements, including cellidentification, enable mobility between SCells and robust operation inthe unlicensed band.

Automatic Gain Control (AGC) setting, coarse synchronization, finefrequency/time estimation at least for demodulation, Channel-StateInformation (CSI) measurement, including channel and interference.

These are for performing RRM measurements and for successful receptionof information on the unlicensed band.

Discovery Reference Signal (DRS)

DRS is described in TS 36.211 V14.3.0 (2017-06) to support small-cellon/off where secondary CCs can be turned off except for periodictransmission of DRS. DRS is used by the UE to perform mobilitymeasurements and to maintain synchronization. The signals comprising theDRS include the PSS, SSS, CRS, and optionally, the CSI-RS.

The UE is configured with a discovery measurement timing configuration(DMTC), which is a time window in which the UE can expect the DRS to bereceived.

While the DRS occasion may occur anywhere in the DMTC, the UE can expectthe DRS to be transmitted from a given cell so that the duration betweensuccessive DRS transmissions is fixed (e.g., 40, 80 or 160milliseconds).

LBT requirements in some regions may allow the DRS to be transmitted asa short control transmission without LBT (however this is not allowed insome regions, e.g., Japan).

DRS are used also in LAA (preceded by CCA) and are the basis forradio-resource management including cell identification.

If LBT is applied to DRS transmissions, there can be some instanceswhere the DRS is not able to be transmitted in a periodic manner (e.g.,DRS transmitted on a cell in licensed spectrum). The following twooptions may then be considered for DRS design for LAA.

1) Subject to LBT, DRS is transmitted in fixed time position in theconfigured DMTC.

2) Subject to LBT, DRS is allowed to be transmitted in at least one ofdifferent time positions in the configured DMTC.

Two cases for DRS transmission.

Case 1:

If the DRS is transmitted together with the PDSCH: automatically subjectto the LBT CAT 4.

Simultaneous transmission (or multiplexing) of a DRS and PDSCH ispossible in subframes 0 and 5 only.

Case 2:

If the DRS is not part of a transmission burst, the DRS must be precededby a CCA spanning 25 μs (i.e., LBT CAT 2).

Since the exact time when the DRS is transmitted depends on the CCA, thediscovery signal can move around in time and the device needs to detectwhether a DRS is transmitted or not before basing measurements on it.This is not necessary in the licensed spectrum.

For traditional RANs (or for upper-layer splits), where the MAC,scheduler, PHY, and RF are all in the same box, the RRU 105 contend forthe spectrum using LBT techniques. Once the LBT is successful, the PHYinforms the scheduler/MAC about the target subframe/slot to starttransmission. The scheduler/MAC, in return, sends the data that needs tobe transmitted OTA. The RRU 105 then transmits this data OTA. As will beappreciated, there is conventionally very low or no communicationlatency between lower layers. As of the present disclosure, no workexists for implementing unlicensed LTE technologies for lower-layersplits. As will be appreciated, embodiments can also be applied to otherunlicensed LTE technologies, such as MulteFire and CBRS.

FIG. 4 shows a shading code used in the following FIGS. 4-10. Onerequirement for supporting LAA in CRAN with non-ideal fronthaul is thatthe BBU 103 are forced to send the scheduled data ahead of time to theRRU 105. This is because the RRU 105 should acquire the channel (andtransmit data OTA) right after finishing spectrum sensing (within 9μsec). Data originated from the BBU 103 is TTI-specific (i.e., datatransmitted in the TTI is function of the specific TTI index) due to thepresence of reference signals. However, the BBU 103 does not know thespecific TTI where the RRU 105 starts transmission in since this dependson multiple random variables such as the number of eNB and Wi-Fi APssharing the spectrum, LBT outcome, interfering channels, and the like.

In FIGS. 4-10, described are embodiments of methods to address non-idealLAA support as described above. Let MCOT=N ms (e.g., N=8 ms for priorityclass 3 and 4 when Wi-Fi is allowed to use the channel. The RRU 105transmits on only, for example, 7 ms since the first subframe is usuallywasted in sending the reservation signals after LBT success. Assumption:no partial subframes). Although use N=8 is employed as an example in thefollowing figures, embodiments are not restricted a specific priorityclass or a specific MCOT duration.

Note also that some of the following exemplary embodiments do not onlyapply to the data transmission, but also apply to the DRS transmission.The DRS duration is much shorter than data (around 12 OFDM Symbols<1ms).

Embodiment 1

FIG. 5 shows an embodiment, where L2 (BBU) sends, via the fronthaulinterface, N—1 ms data to LPHY (RRU) assembled based on the assumptionthat OTA transmission starts only at a specific pre-defined subframe. Inthis example, data transmission is fixed to be started, for example, atsubframe 0, however, both the BBU 103 and RRU 105 can agree on any othersubframe index.

This data is sent few msecs ahead of the time the RRU 105 is supposed todo the LBT. As an example, the BBU 103 can send the data to the RRU 105,for example, 30 msec, before the start of the LBT process for thatspecific data.

In every LTE frame, the RRU 105 contends for the channel at thebeginning of the subframe preceding the target subframe for datatransmission. In the present example, the RRU 105 contends in subframe 9of every frame.

Next, if the RRU 105 gets access before the end of subframe 9 it sendsreservation signal till the end of subframe 9, then transmits the N−1subframes OTA.

If the RRU 105 does not get access before the end of subframe 9, itkeeps silent and re-contend again at the following 9th subframe.

Exemplary advantages of the embodiment include a simple scheduler designwhere an amount of data scheduled is fixed and there is no dropping tosubframes. Another advantage is optimized operation when no othertechnology is sharing the spectrum since not many subframes are wasted.

In another aspect of the embodiment, the method can be applied for DRStransmission. The DRS location is fixed at a specific subframe (e.g.,subframe 0 every DMTC period). The BBU 103 sends the DRS signal to theRRU 105 one or two subframes before the scheduled subframe (e.g.,Subframe 8). The RRU 105 contends for the channel at the precedingsubframe (e.g., subframe 9). If channel is idle, the RRU 105 sends theDRS signals at subframe 0, for example. If channel is busy, the RRU 105skips DRS transmission and re-contends for the channel after DMTC.

Embodiment 2

FIG. 6 shows an embodiment where L2 in the BBU 103 sends, via thefronthaul interface, 10 ms, for example, worth of data to the LPHY inthe RRU 105. The RRU 105 contends for the channel as soon as getting theDL data at any subframe (i.e., no restrictions on the subframe used forLBT).

Once the RRU 105 gets channel access, it drops the 10−N+1 subframes thatdo not overlap with OTA transmission and transmit the remaining N−1subframes. For example, if the RRU 105 gets LBT idle on subframe 7(assume N=8), the RRU will drop 3 subframes (subframes 5, 6, and 7) andtransmit on subframes 8, 9, 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4.

An RLC layer is configured to take care of the dropped subframes andretransmit them on licensed carriers.

An exemplary advantage of the embodiment includes that the RRU 105contends for the channel at any point in time, hence there is no latencyin spectrum sensing and more spectrum efficiency is achieved.

In another aspect of the embodiment, assuming: MCOT=10 ms (as anexample), the BBU 103 sends 10 ms worth of data to the RRU 105. The RRU105 contends for the channel any time once it receives the data from theBBU 103. The RRU 105 then re-organizes the data based on the subframe itgets access to the channel. For example, if the RRU 105 startstransmission on subframe 3 (as an example), it pads the data scheduledfor subframes 0, 1, and 2 to the end of the MCOT. In this case, the RRU105 transmits subframes 3-9, then subframes 0, 1, and 2.

Embodiment 3

FIG. 7 shows an embodiment, which is a modification of Embodiment 2.

The RRU 105 drops 3 subframes (assuming N=8) for every frame based onLBT success time. In embodiment 3, the RRU 105 queued these subframesinto a buffer. The RRU 105 then re-contends for smaller MCOT (totransmit the dropped subframes) whenever a chance is available (e.g., nodata at RRU 105 buffer, no strict latency requirement on regular data atRRU 105 buffer, and the like). Since the queued data (remained fromprevious frames) are assembled to be transmitted on specific subframes,the RRU 105 can use the dummy/reservation signal to block the channeluntil the target time occurs.

The RRU 105 maps dropped subframes to corresponding OTA subframe forcorrect positioning of reference signals and a PDCCH CCE index.Furthermore, the RRU 105 can block the channel in between subframesbased on the subframe index of the remaining data. If data exists at theRRU 105 buffer, the RRU 105 can aggregate the dropped subframes andtransmit them once subframes can be aggregated in a single MCOT (or in atransmission with duration less than the MCOT). The RRU 105 can maintaintwo buffers; one for traditional data and another one for aggregatedsubframes.

An exemplary advantage of the embodiment includes that the RRU 105contends for the channel at any point in time, hence no latency inspectrum sensing and more spectrum efficiency is achieved. Anotherexemplary advantage is the decreased probability of dropping subframes.

Embodiment 4

FIG. 8 shows an embodiment where the reference signals are generated inthe RRU 105 instead of the BBU 103. L2 (BBU 103) sends only PDSCH to L1(RRU 105) with all the resource elements (REs) for reference signalsempty (PSS/SSS/CRS, and the like). The RRU 105 assembles these referencesignals based on the time it gets access to the channel.

An exemplary advantage of the embodiment is high spectrum efficiency (nolatency for sensing, no dropped subframes).

Embodiment 5

FIG. 9 shows an embodiment, which is a modification of Embodiment 2.

The RRU 105 applies more intelligence in dropping subframes fromtransmission burst. The BBU 103 sends, via the fronthaul interface, 10ms (as an example) data to the RRU 105. The RRU 105 the transmits datafrom transmission bursts in continuous manner dropping one subframe forLBT every time. In this case if channel is available, only one subframewill be dropped and RLC overhead will be less. If the channel is busy,the RRU 105 drops the subframes that were scheduled during the LBTprocess (e.g., in FIG. 6, the RRU 105 drops subframes 5-9). Data droppedat the RRU 105 can be recovered by RLC retransmissions triggered by UERLC NACKs. RLC retransmissions will always be performed on primarylicensed cell.

Embodiment 6

FIG. 10 shows an embodiment in which it is assumed that the fronthauldelay is known to be 10 msec.

The expected time needed to get access to the channel is estimated,i.e., LBT delay profile—as explained below. Multiple copies (e.g., 3copies) of the TBs for the MCOT duration to the RRU 105 are sent basedon the delay profile (most probable delays). The RRU 105 keeps themultiple copies in different queues. Based on the actual time of gettingaccess to the channel, the RRU 105 selects the correct queue and sendsthe data to the UE. The RRU 105 updates the BBU 103 about the selectedcopy so that the BBU 103 knows when to expect the HARQ ACK (note thatthe HARQ ACK has no process number).

It will be noted that the BBU 103 receives the RRU 105 update (i.e.,which copy was transmitted) before the corresponding HARQ ACK reachesthe MAC at the BBU 103 from the licensed carrier (which is transmitted 4ms after data reception at the UE). This is under the assumption thatthe variance of the fronthaul delay is very small.

In various embodiments, this configuration and method can be used forlow traffic cases (a small number of UEs with light usage) orapplications (e.g., IoT).

An exemplary advantage of the embodiment is high spectrum efficiency.

LBT delay profile.

First: Offline Phase:

An LBT delay profile can be estimated empirically offline for differentenvironments and interference conditions (e.g., number of neighboringWi-Fi STAs, indoor vs. outdoor, and the like). For each delay profile,there will be a LUT for the number of copies and delay taps (forexample, 3 copies at n−2, n, and n+2, where n is the subframe indexbased on the online expected LBT delay).

Second: Online phase, history-based estimation:

At bootup, the RRU 105 runs the LBT code internally (i.e., listen to themedium without actual transmission) and gets estimation about the actualLBT delay.

Measurements are signaled to the BBU. Periodically and for low trafficscenarios, the RRU 105 repeats the measurements and reporting to theBBU.

Transmission Phase:

The RRU 105 checks the operating conditions and selects thecorresponding delay profile, number of copies, and delay taps.

Embodiment 7

Embodiment 7 is a modification of Embodiment 6. Instead of sendingmultiple copies of the same data with a different starting transmissiontime, the vBBU 103 can send different data streams with differentstarting transmission times to the RRU 105. After getting access to thechannel, the RRU 105 selects the stream that best fits the starting TTI.After making the selection process, the RRU 105 reports to the vBBU 103the selected data stream. Whenever a data stream is outdated, the vBBU103 is updated as well. The vBBU 103 updates its schedule based on theRRU 105 reports and reschedule expired data streams at the RRU 105 tonew LAA transmissions. Once the packets pass a certain delay threshold(waiting for transmission on unlicensed), the RLC layer will retransmitthem on the licensed band.

Embodiment 8

In Embodiment 8, first, the TTI-dependent bits are modified at the RRU105. Then, the LBT delay is estimated. A single transmission (MCOT) issent to the RRU 105 based on the best estimate. Along with thetransmission, pointers are sent to the TTI-dependent bits to the RRU105, or changes needed at the RRU 105 for different starting times basedon the LBT delay profile are sent. The RRU 105 then contends for themedium using LBT and waits for the idle outcome.

Once an idle outcome is received, the RRU 105 either: (a) transmits thereceived MCOT as it is (if the LBT delay estimation is accurate) or (b)modifies the TTI-dependent bits based on the pointers sent from the vBBU103 to take into account the change in the starting TTI of the MCOT (ifany). The RRU 105 sends an update report to the vBBU 103 about thechanges done at the RRU 105.

In the following embodiment, the following sections refer to theXRAN-FH.CUS.0-v01.00.02 (2018-04-04) standard, the entirety of which isincorporated by reference herein, with section headings applicable toChapter 5, C-plane Protocol.

5.3.2 LAA Commands Transfer Procedure

The LAA Commands Transfer procedure is used to exchange C-Plane messagesbetween the IIs-CU and the RU. The main purpose of these messages is tosupport the LAA feature in the RU/IIs-CU.

5.3.2.1 LBT Procedure

The LBT procedure is used to configure the RU with the parameters neededto do LBT prior to PDSCH or DRS transmission OTA. The RU needs to reportthe LBT process outcome (either success or failure) in the indicationmessage.

In contrast to the licensed spectrum, where the RU may continuously senddata or reference signals OTA, in the unlicensed spectrum, the RU canonly send discontinuous bursts of data (of length MCOT) or periodic DRSsignals. In an embodiment, as shown in FIG. 11, a“LBT_DL_CONFIG.request” message 10 is sent once prior to each OTAtransmission on the LAA SCell. This includes both DRS and PDSCH (i.e.,MCOT burst) transmissions. For every LBT_DL_CONFIG.request message 10,the RU replies with the “LBT_DL.indication” message 12 that includes theLBT outcome.

For the DRS signal, initially, the IIs-CU configures the RU with the DRSparameters (DMTC period and DMTC offset) via the M-plane.

Before every DRS period, the IIs-CU sends the LBT_DL_CONFIG.requestmessage and the DRS signal. RU does LBT and transmit the DRS signal OTA.The RU then must send the LBT_DL.indication.

The DRS signal can be transmitted over the fronthaul interface similarto other reference signals such as the PSS/SSS/CRS.

Message fields and settings for the messaging described with respect toFIG. 11 are described below.

5.4 Elements for the C-Plane Protocol

5.4.1 General

C-Plane messages are encapsulated using a two-layered header approach.The first layer has an eCPRI common header and corresponding fields usedto indicate the message type, while the second layer is an applicationlayer including necessary fields for control and synchronization. Withinthe application layer, a “section” defines the characteristics ofU-plane data to be transferred or received from a beam with one patternid. An LAA Section Type 7 is supported in the C-Plane for LAA messages.LAA messages communicated between IIs-CU and the RU in both directionsenable LBT for PDSCH/DRS transmission. Initial carrier-selection anddynamic frequency selection (DFS) are enabled by communicating fewmessages between the IIs-CU and RU using the management plane (M-plane).

Table 1 describes the section types are supported within the C-Plane.

TABLE 1 Section Type Target Scenario Remarks 0 Unused Resource Indicatesto RU that certain Resource Blocks or symbols in Blocks or symbols willnot be used Downlink or Uplink (idle periods, guard periods). Likewise,there are no associated U-Plane messages containing IQ data for thisSection Type. The purpose is to inform the RU that transmissions may behalted during the specified idle interval for e.g. power-savings or toprovide an interval for calibration. 1 Most DL/UL radio Here “most”refers to channels channels not requiring time or frequency offsets suchas are needed for mixed- numerology channels 2 reserved for future use 3PRACH and mixed- Channels requiring time or frequency numerologychannels offsets or different-than-nominal SCS values 4 Reserved forfuture use 5 UE scheduling Provides scheduling information forinformation (UE-ID UE-IDs assignment to section) 6 Channel informationSends UE-specific channel information from the IIs-CU to the RU 7 LAAMessages communicated between IIs- CU and the RU in both directions toenable LBT for PDSCH/DRS transmission, initial carrier-selection, anddynamic frequency selection (DFS) 8-255 Reserved for future use

Section Type “7” fields used to support LAA are as follows:

-   -   Common Header Fields        -   dataDirection (data direction (gNB Tx/Rx)) field: 1 bit        -   payloadVersion (payload version) field: 3 bits            -   value=“1” shall be set (1^(st) protocol version for                payload and time reference format)        -   filterIndex (filter index) field: 4 bits        -   frameId (frame identifier) field: 8 bits        -   subframeId (subframe identifier) field: 4 bits        -   slotID (slot identifier) field: 6 bits        -   startSymbolid (start symbol identifier) field: 6 bits        -   numberOfsections (number of sections) field: 8 bits        -   sectionType (section type) field: 8 bits            -   value=“7” shall be set        -   reserved (reserved for future use) field: 8 bits    -   Section Fields    -   sectionId (section ID) field: 16 bits

A value=“0” shall be set for LBT_DL_CONFIG.request 10: LBT_PDSCH_REQ

-   -   handle (An opaque handling returned in LBT_PDSCH_RSP) field: 16        bits    -   deferFactor (Defer factor in sensing slots as described in 3GPP        TS 36.213 Section 15.1.1) field: 3 bits    -   backoffCounter (LBT backoff counter in sensing slots as        described in 3GPP TS 36.213 Section 15.1.1) field: 10 bits    -   offset (LBT start time in microseconds from the beginning of the        subframe scheduled by this message) field: 10 bits    -   MCOT (LTE TXOP duration in subframes) field: 4 bits    -   txopSfnSfEnd (SFN/SF by which the TXOP must end) field: 12 bits    -   lbtMode (Part of multi-carrier support. Indicates whether full        LBT process is carried or partial LBT process is carried (multi        carrier mode B according to 3GPP TS 36.213 Section 15.1.5.2)        field: 1 bit:        -   0—full LBT (regular LBT)        -   1—Partial LBT (looking back 25 usec prior to transmission as            indicated in 3GPP TS 36.213 section 15.1.5.2)

A value=“1” shall be set for LBT_DL_CONFIG.request 10: LBT_DRS_REQ

-   -   handle (An opaque handling returned in LBT_DRS_RSP) field: 16        bits    -   offset (LBT start time in microseconds from the beginning of the        subframe scheduled by this message) field: 10 bits    -   sfnSfEnd (SFN/SF by which the DRS window must end) field: 12        bits    -   lbtMode (Part of multi-carrier support. Indicates whether full        LBT process is carried or partial LBT process is carried (multi        carrier mode B according to 3GPP TS 36.213 section 15.1.5.2)        field: 1 bit:        -   0—full LBT (regular LBT)        -   1—Partial LBT (looking back 25 usec prior to transmission as            indicated in 3GPP TS 36.213 section 15.1.5.2)    -   reserved (reserved for future use) field: 1 bit

A value=“2” shall be set for LBT_DL.indication 12: LBT_PDSCH_RSP

-   -   handle (An opaque handling returned in LBT_PDSCH_RSP) field: 16        bits    -   lbtResult (LBT result of SFN/SF) field: 1 bit        -   0—SUCCESS—indicates that the channel was successfully            acquired        -   1—FAILURE—indicates failure to acquire the channel by the            end of SFN/SF    -   lteTxopSymbols (Actual LTE TXOP in symbols. Valid when LBT        result=SUCCESS) field: 14 bits    -   initialPartialSF (Indicates whether the initial SF in the LBT        process is full or partial) field: 1 bit        -   0—full SF (two slots, 14 symbols)        -   1—partial SF (only second slot, last 7 symbols)

A value=“3” shall be set for LBT_DL.indication 12: LBT_DRS_RSP

-   -   handle (An opaque handling returned in LBT_DRS_RSP) field: 16        bits    -   lbtResult (LBT result of SFN/SF) field: 1 bit        -   0—SUCCESS—indicates that DRS is sent        -   1—FAILURE—indicates that DRS is not sent    -   reserved (reserved for future use) field: 7 bits

5.4.5 Coding of Information Elements—Application Layer, Sections

Descriptions and coding of information elements of the above referencedfields are as follows:

5.4.5.19 handle

Description: This parameter provides a label that is included in theconfiguration request message (e.g., LBT_PDSCH_REQ, LBT_DRS_REQ)transmitted from the IIs-CU to the RU and returned in the correspondingresponse message (e.g., LBT_PDSCH_RSP, LBT_DRS_RSP).

Value range: {0000 0000 0000 0000b-1111 1111 1111 1111b}

Type: unsigned integer.

Field length: 16 bits.

5.4.5.20 deferFactor (Defer Factor)

Description: Defer factor in sensing slots as described in 3GPP TS36.213 Section 15.1.1. This parameter is used for LBT CAT 4 and can takeone of three values: {1,3, 7} based on the priority class. Four priorityclasses are defined in 3GPP TS 36.213.

Value range: {001b, 011b, 111b} or {1, 3, 7} in decimal.

Type: unsigned integer.

Field length: 3 bits.

5.4.5.21 backoffCounter (Backoff Counter)

Description: LBT backoff counter in sensing slots as described in 3GPPTS 36.213 Section 15.1.1. This parameter is used for LBT CAT 4 and cantake one of nine values: {3, 7, 15, 31, 63, 127, 255, 511, 1023} basedon the priority class. Four priority classes are defined in 3GPP TS36.213. Value range: {3, 7, 15, 31, 63, 127, 255, 511, 1023} in decimal.Type: unsigned integer.Field length: 10 bits.

5.4.5.22 Offset

Description: LBT start time in microseconds from the beginning of thesubframe scheduled by this message.

Value range: {00 0000 0000b-11 1110 0111b} or {0-999} in decimal

Type: unsigned integer.

Field length: 10 bits.

5.4.5.23 MCOT (Maximum Channel Occupancy Time)

Description: LTE TXOP duration in subframes as described in 3GPP TS36.213 Section 15.1.1. This parameter can take one of four values: {2,3, 8, 10} based on the priority class. Four priority classes are definedin 3GPP TS 36.213.

Value range: {0010, 0011, 1000, 1010} or {2, 3, 8, 10} in decimal.

Type: unsigned integer.

Field length: 4 bits.

5.4.5.24 txopSfnSfEnd (TXOP SFN/SF End)

Description: SFN/SF by which the TXOP must end

Value range: SFN: {00000000b-1111 1111b} or {0-255} in decimal, SF:{0000-1001} or {0-9} in decimal.

Type: unsigned integer.

Field length: 12 bits.

5.4.5.25 lbtMode (LBT Mode)

Description: Part of multi-carrier support. Indicates whether full LBTprocess is carried or partial LBT process is carried (multi carrier modeB according to 3GPP TS 36.213 Section 15.1.5.2). 0—full LBT (regularLBT). 1—Partial LBT (looking back 25 usec prior to transmission asindicated in 3GPP TS 36.213 section 15.1.5.2).Value range: {0, 1}Type: unsigned integer.Field length: 1 bit.

5.4.5.26 sfnSfEnd (SFN/SF End)

Description: SFN/SF by which the DRS window must end

Value range: SFN: {0000 0000b-1111 1111b} or {0-255} in decimal, SF:{0000b-1001b} or {0-9} in decimal.

Type: unsigned integer.

Field length: 12 bits.

5.4.5.27 lbtResult (LBT Result)

Description: LBT result of SFN/SF. 0—SUCCESS—indicates that the channelwas successfully acquired. 1—FAILURE—indicates failure to acquire thechannel by the end of SFN/SF.

Value range: {0,1}

Type: unsigned integer.

Field length: 1 bit.

5.4.5.28 lteTxopSymbols (LTE TXOP Symbols)

Description: Actual LTE TXOP in symbols. Valid when LBT result=SUCCESS.

Value range: For LTE {00 0000 0000 1110b-00 0000 1000 1100b} or {14-140symbols} in decimal.

Type: unsigned integer.

Field length: 14 bits.

5.4.5.29 initialPartialSF (Initial Partial SF)

Description: Indicates whether the initial SF in the LBT process is fullor partial. 0—full SF (two slots, 14 symbols). 1—partial SF (only secondslot, last 7 symbols).

Value range: {0, 1}

Type: unsigned integer.

Field length: 1 bit.

Carrier-Selection (Dynamic Frequency Selection)

Since LAA uses unlicensed spectrum for communication, which is sharedwith Wi-Fi and other technologies, the RRU 105 needs to select the bestchannel to use from the unlicensed band (e.g., UNII band or band 46).This process needs to be done initially (carrier selection) andperiodically (dynamic frequency selection).

In another embodiment, as shown in FIG. 12, a channel selection and DFSprocedure is used by the RU to report initial and periodic RRU 105channel measurements 14 to the IIs-CU 102. The IIs-CU 102 can send acell reconfig message 16 to reconfigure the LAA SCell with a newunlicensed channel to operate on based on the received measurements andany other statistics collected during operation. The RRU 105acknowledges 18 the reception of the cell reconfig message. In theembodiment, for initial carrier-selection (i.e., before OTAtransmission), the procedure can be executed once. After starting OTAtransmission, this procedure can be executed periodically as configuredby the M-plane.

To be able to select the best channel, the RRU 105 performs periodicmeasurements and reports these measurements to the BBU 103. Differentmeasurements can be executed by the RRU 105 such as calculating theaverage RSSI, occupancy ratio, and the like.

The BBU 103 uses these measurements to select the “optimal” channel touse and then re-configures the RRU 105 with the new selected channel.

The BBU 103 receives two metrics from the LPHY in the RRU 105 for everychannel f_(c) ∈A, where A is the set of channels in the unlicensed band(e.g., A={5.745, 5.765, . . . , 5.825} if the selected band is theUNII-3, which has five channels):

Occupancy ratio R₀(f_(c)): Percentage of ON duration to the totalmeasurement duration (e.g., 100 ms).

Average RSSI P(f_(c)): Average RSSI over the total measurement duration.

Next, the present disclosure explains how L3 in the BBU 103 initiallyselects the unlicensed channel(s) to operate on, and also explains howdynamic frequency selection (DFS) is done periodically to re-select thebest channel(s) while minimizing service disruption.

The present disclosure first describes the single LAA SCell case andthen moves to the multi-cell case.

Single LAA SCell

Initial Carrier-Selection

The selected channel f_(c)* can be calculated using the followingmethod. For illustration purposes, it is assumed that the BBU/RRU areusing UNII-3 band which consists of five channels:

$f_{c}^{*} = \{ \begin{matrix}{{\underset{f_{c} \in A}{\arg\;\min}\{ {{R_{o}( f_{C\; 1} )},{R_{o}( f_{c\; 2} )},\ldots\mspace{14mu},{R_{o}( f_{c\; 5} )}} \}},} & {{{if}\mspace{14mu}( {{R_{o}( f_{c}^{\min + 1} )} - {R_{o}( f_{c}^{\min} )}} )} > T_{o}^{ThGap}} \\{{\underset{f_{c} \in A}{\arg\;\min}\{ {{\overset{\sim}{P}( f_{C}^{\min} )},{\overset{\sim}{P}( f_{c}^{\min + 1} )}} \}},} & {Otherwise}\end{matrix} $

Where f_(C) ^(min+1) indicates the immediate f_(c) with larger occupancyratio or RSSI than the minimum one and R_(o) ^(ThGap) is the thresholdgap between the occupancy ratios (e.g., R_(o) ^(ThGap)=20%).

Dynamic Frequency Selection

Described are embodiments of configurations and methods for dynamicfrequency selection (DFS) to avoid frequent frequency hopping.

In an embodiment (1), the DFS period is increased to a larger number(e.g., 10 secs) and apply the main equation (i.e., select the bestchannel every DFS period).

In another embodiment (2), the RRU 105 keeps using the same channeluntil the R_(o)(f_(c)*)≥R_(o) ^(th) or P(f_(c)*)≥P^(th). Once eithercondition is satisfied, the BBU 103 is configured to operate employinginstructions for DFS in accord with R_(o)(f_(c)*)≥R_(o) ^(th) or(f_(c)*)≥P^(th) and selects the best channel based on the RRU 105measurements.

In another embodiment, the system operates in a manner similar to thepreceding embodiment (2), while adding constraint on the LBT delayinstead. Specifically, the RRU 105 keeps using the same channel(initially selected) until the average LBT delay exceeds a predefinedthreshold. Once this condition is satisfied, the BBU 103 appliesoperates employing instructions for DFS in accord withR_(o)(f_(c)*)≥R_(o) ^(th) or P(f_(c)*)≥P^(th) and selects the bestchannel based on the RRU 105 measurements.

Described are embodiments of configurations and methods where the DFSperiod is a configurable parameter that can be changed by the BBU 103based on the channel availability.

Measurements could be done continuously by sniffers in the RRU 105.

In an embodiment (1): the RRU 105 reports summary of measurementsaveraged over a period of time. In this embodiment, the RRU 105 collectsmeasurements for a period of time locally, processes them, and send thefinal metrics to the BBU 103 to take a decision about the channel touse. An exemplary advantage of this embodiment is that it reduces thefronthaul overhead. The embodiment also adds more processing in the RRU105.

In an embodiment (2): RRU 105 reports individual measurementscontinuously to the BBU 103.

In an embodiment (3): the BBU 103 adapts the measurements reportingprocedure based on the traffic, the RRU 105 processing capabilities, andthe like.

Carrier Aggregation (Two or More LAA SCells)

Described are embodiments of carrier aggregation for a plurality of LAASCells.

As will be appreciated, a standards constraint is given in 3GPP TS36.300 V14.3.0 (2017-06), which states “If the absence ofIEEE802.11n/11ac devices sharing the carrier cannot be guaranteed on along term basis (e.g., by level of regulation), and for this release ifthe maximum number of unlicensed channels that E-UTRAN cansimultaneously transmit on is equal to or less than 4, the maximumfrequency separation between any two carrier center frequencies on whichLAA SCell transmissions are performed should be less than or equal to 62MHz. The UE is required to support frequency separation in accordancewith TS 36.133 [21].” Accordingly, combinations between 4 neighborchannels are allowed.

An embodiment of channel selection for LAA CA case is described usingthe example of the BBU/RRU are using UNII-3 band. The UNII-3 bandconsists of 5 channels as shown in FIG. 27.

Based on above referenced 3GPP constraint 3GPP TS 36.300, the BBU/RRUcan have limited combinations to use from while doing CA for unlicensedcells. For example, based on the example shown in FIG. 27, alltwo-channel combinations are valid except the pair (149, 165)). Forillustration, the above channels are described using channel indices 1,2, . . . , 5.

The selected channels f_(c)* and f_(c)** can be calculated as follows:

$( {f_{c}^{*},f_{c}^{**}} ) = \{ \begin{matrix}{{\underset{f_{c} \in A}{\arg\;\min}\{ {( \frac{{R_{o}( f_{C\; 1} )} + {R_{o}( f_{c\; 2} )}}{2} ),( \frac{{R_{o}( f_{c\; 1} )} + {R_{o}( f_{c\; 3} )}}{2} ),\ldots\mspace{14mu},( \frac{{R_{o}( f_{c\; 4} )} + {R_{o}( f_{c\; 5} )}}{2} )} \}},} & {{{if}\mspace{14mu}( {{\overset{\_}{R_{o}}( {f_{c}^{{m\; i\; n} + 1},f_{c}^{{*m\; i\; n} + 1}} )} - {\overset{\_}{R_{o}}( {f_{c}^{m\; i\; n},f_{c}^{*m\; i\; n}} )}} )} > R_{o}^{ThGap}} \\{{\underset{f_{c} \in A}{\arg\;\min}\{ {{{\overset{\_}{P}}_{avg}( {f_{C}^{m\; i\; n},f_{c}^{*m\; i\; n}} \}},{{\overset{\_}{P}}_{avg}( {f_{c}^{{m\; i\; n} + 1},f_{c}^{{*m\; i\; n} + 1}} )}} \}},} & {Otherwise}\end{matrix} $

The BBU 103 then calculates the average occupancy ratios of all thevalid channel combinations. If the difference between the two leastaverage occupancy ratios is larger than a threshold, the BBU 103 selectsthe channel with the minimum occupancy ratio.

Otherwise, the BBU 103 goes to a second level of comparison, where itselects the channel with the minimum average RSSI (from the two channelswith lowest occupancy ratios).

Cell Addition for LAA-Capable UEs

Described are embodiments for Cell addition for LAA-capable UEs.

One problem facing LAA-capable eNBs in C-RAN architecture or traditionalRANs is the cell addition for LAA-capable UEs, including cases when bothlicensed and unlicensed cells are available. As described herein,licensed spectrum is more reliable than unlicensed spectrum sinceoperators have exclusive right to use, as opposed to unlicensedspectrum, which is shared among different technologies. However,licensed spectrum is scarce and expensive, while unlicensed spectrum isabundant and free.

Described are embodiments that address cell addition in licensed andunlicensed spectrum for LAA-capable UEs. Embodiment as described hereinenable the eNB (or BBU 103 in CRAN architecture) to select the best cellto add to the UE based on various metrics such as cell load, channelstate information (CSI), UE capabilities, and the like. For simplicity,embodiments are described assuming the eNB is trying to add a secondcell (licensed or unlicensed) to a UE that is already attached to theeNB using the primary licensed cell.

In an embodiment, the eNB considers a weighted sum of the followingfactors while selecting the cell to be added to the UE. In anotherembodiment, the process starts in a first step (i.e., cell loads) andthen considers a second step (i.e., channel gains) only if the firststep results in an indeterministic decision (e.g., values are close tothe thresholds).

In an embodiment (1), the eNB first checks the cell loads of bothlicensed and unlicensed cells. One criterion determines if the licensedcell load is smaller than a predefined threshold (e.g., 70%), the eNBadds the licensed cell to the UE. The reason for this selection is thatlicensed cells are more reliable than unlicensed cells and should beused whenever they are available. Another criterion can determine if thedifference between the licensed and unlicensed cell loads is less than apredefined threshold (i.e., both cells have comparable loads, e.g.,within 20%), the eNB adds the licensed cell to the UE. Otherwise, itadds the unlicensed cell to the UE.

Next, (2) the eNB checks the channel gains of both licensed andunlicensed cells and follows similar criteria as described above (1) toselect the cell to add to the UE.

If all licensed channels are loaded, then (3) the unlicensed channelscan be used for new UEs demanding more throughput. At this point intime, periodic swapping between UEs in licensed and unlicensed channelsis done considering UE capabilities (i.e., legacy vs. Rel. 13 capableUEs).

LBT Parameters Update

One feature of LTE in unlicensed bands (e.g., LAA) is the dependencybetween the LBT parameters (e.g., contention window) and the UE HARQfeedback. The RRU 105 is required to vary the contention windowparameters based on the LBT Category 4 rules (e.g., double thecontention window for every collision).

In C-RAN systems, the LBT parameters are sent from the BBU 103 to theRRU 105 for every MCOT. This will cause a problem for non-zero fronthaullatency systems since the BBU 103 needs to send the LBT parameters inadvance to the RRU 105 before even the HARQ reaches the BBU. Multipleembodiments are configured to address this.

In an embodiment, a fake NACK message is employed for LBT parametersupdate. In the embodiment, the RRU 105 updates the LBT parameters (e.g.,contention window) assuming that a fake NACK is received from the UE. Asan example, and for priority class 3, the RRU 105 uses CW-[0,15] for 1stattempt, [0,31] for 2^(nd) attempt, and [0,63] for >3rd attempt untilthe current data stream ends.

In an embodiment, a HARQ ACK estimation message is based on number offreeze times (N_(FT)) during LBT. In the embodiment, the RRU 105estimates the HARQ feedback internally based on the number oftimer-freeze times during LBT. For example, if N_(FT)≤1, assume HARQACK, otherwise assume HARQ NACK.

In an embodiment, a fake NACK message for LBT parameters update untilfirst HARQ ACK/NACK received. In this embodiment (assuming priorityclass 3), the RRU 105 uses CW-[0,15] for 1st attempt, [0,31] for 2^(nd)attempt, and [0,63] for >3rd attempt. Once the first HARQ ACK/NACKmessage is received at the BBU 103, the LBT parameters are updated in adelayed fashion (due to fronthaul latency). This method is very usefulfor cases where high correlation in the HARQ ACK/NACK outcome betweenadjacent MCOTs occur.

In the following embodiments, the following sections refer to, interglia, the XRAN-FH.CUS.0-v01.00.02 (2018-04-04) standard, the entirety ofwhich is incorporated by reference herein.

RU/IIs-CU messages are described in Table 2.

TABLE 2 Message Plane Feature RU/IIs-CU Message Direction xRAN Timing RUConfiguration RU Capability Downstream M Initial handshake (IIs-CUInquiry inquiries about the RU capabilities) RU Capability Info UpstreamM After each RU capability (SupportLAA, # inquiry message LAA SCells,maximum RU buffer size in symbols (per CC), RU Processing time,supported bands, supported BW, and the like) RU Config (# LAA DownstreamM After each RU capability SCells, info. For every LAA CC: As needed, to{DMTC period, reconfigure the RU with DMTC offset, initial newparameters (e.g., band, total carrier- measurement periods, selectionand the like) measurement duration, DFS measurement report period, LBTtimer}) Carrier- startMeasurements: Downstream M LIs-CU orders the RU toselection and (carrier-selection or start measurements DFS DFS)stopMeasurements Downstream M LIs-CU orders the RU to (for DFS only)stop measurements RU measurements Upstream M After the RU completesscanning all channels in the configured band cellConfig/ReconfigDownstream M After the IIs-CU receives the RU measurements and if a newchannel needs to be configured cellReconfigACK Upstream M After the RUreceives the cell reconfig LBT LBT_DL_CONFIG.r Downstream C Prior toeach MCOT to equest: reach the RU on/before LBT_PDSCH_REQ the targetSFN/SF for sensing LBT_DL_CONFIG.r Downstream C Prior to each DRS toequest: reach the RU on/before LBT_DRS_REQ the target SFN/SF for sensingLBT_DL.indication: Upstream C After each LBT for LBT_PDSCH_RSP PDSCH(success outcome or failure outcome if timer expires) LBT_DL.indication:Upstream C After each LBT for DRS LBT_DRS_RSP (success outcome orfailure outcome if channel is busy) bufferError Upstream C If thereceived data at the (overflow or RU is larger than the RU underflow)buffer size or the buffer is empty at the target transmission time

Although in the examples given below the disclosure describes that themessages can be communicated between the IIs-CU and RU via themanagement plane (M-plane), as will be appreciated and understood, thiscan also be done via the control plane (C-plane). It will also beunderstood that these messages can also be communicated between the RUand the DU 104 or the RU and the CU 102 or the RU and the IIs-CU 102based on the used C-RAN split.

Message Details:

RU capability inquiry (Management-plan or M-plane): IIs-CU 102 sends amessage to the RU asking it to report its capabilities

RU capability info (M-plane): The RU replies to the capability inquirymessage by its capabilities such as whether it supports LAA or not, thenumber of LAA cells it can support, the maximum buffer size percomponent carrier (CC), the RU processing time, the supported bands, thesupported bandwidths, and the like.

RU config: The IIs-CU configures the RU with the required parameterssuch as the number of LAA CCs, and the like. Also, for every unlicensedCC, it configures the RU with the required parameters such as the DMTCperiod, the DMTC offset, the default band to operate on, default totalcarrier-selection measurement duration, default DFS measurement reportperiod, LBT timer, measurements to be done (e.g., occupancy ratio,average RSSI), and the like. Note that other similar parameters could beadded in the RU config message that helps configuring the RU with thedefault/required parameters. This can be sent initially (in the initialRU configuration) or sent during operation to re-configure the RU.

Start measurements: The IIs-CU orders the RU to start measurements foreither carrier-selection or DFS. This can be indicated by a single bit.Furthermore, the Start Measurement message includes the bands and thespecific channels that need to be scanned or measured (e.g., by sendingthe carrier frequency in KHz or the EARFCN; Evolved-UTRA Absolute RadioFrequency No). It also includes the total measurement duration (in caseof carrier-selection) or the measurement report period (in case of DF).It can also include the type of measurements to be done (e.g., occupancyratio, average RSSI, and the like). It can also include any otherinformation needed by the RU to do the measurements.

Stop measurements: The IIs-CU orders the RU to stop the DFSmeasurements.

RU measurements: The RU reports the measurements to the IIs-CU for everyband configured in the Start Measurement message, and for everyconfigured channel in the Start Measurement message. The reportedmeasurements are done for the identified measurements types (e.g.,occupancy ratio, and average RSSI, and the like).

A value=“n′ shall be set for RRU measurements

-   -   bandNumber (3GPP band number) field: 8 bits    -   carrierFrequencyKHz (carrier frequency in KHz) field: 32 bits    -   averageRSSI (average RSSI) field: 8 bits    -   occupancyRatio (occupancy ratio) field: 8 bits    -   carrierFrequencyKHz (carrier frequency in KHz) field: 32 bits    -   averageRSSI (average RSSI) field: 8 bits    -   occupancyRatio (occupancy ratio) field: 8 bits . . .

A value=“n” shall be set for cell reconfig 16

-   -   carrierFrequencyKHz (carrier frequency in KHz) field: 32 bits

A value=“n” shall be set for cell reconfig ACK 18

-   -   ack (Acknowledgment) field: 1 bit

bandNumber (Band number)

Description: 3GPP band number.

Value range: {0000 0000b-1111 1111b}

Type: unsigned integer.

Field length: 8 bits.

carrierFrequencyKHz (Carrier frequency in KHz)

Description: Carrier frequency in KHz, where measurements are executed.Upper bound is 52.6 GHz.

Value range: {0-52600} in decimal.

Type: unsigned integer.

Field length: 16 bits.

averageRSSI (Average RSSI)

Description: Average RSSI of the channel indicated in thecarrierFrequencyKHz parameter over the measurement duration.

Value range: {0000 0000b-1111 1111b} or {0 dBm to −127 dBm} in decimal.

Type: Signed integer.

Field length: 8 bits.

occupancyRatio (Occupancy ratio)

Description: Percentage of ON duration to the total measurement duration(e.g., 100 ms).

Value range: {0000 0000b-0110 0100b} or {0-100} in decimal.

Type: Unsigned integer.

Field length: 8 bits.

Occupancy ratio of carrier frequency R_(o)(f_(c)):

${R_{o}( f_{c} )} = \frac{T_{ON}}{T_{ON} + T_{OFF}}$

ack (Acknowledgment)

Description: Acknowledgment 18 for receiving the cell reconfig message16.

Value range: {0,1}

Type: unsigned integer.

Field length: 1 bit.

Definitions/Assumptions:

General Assumptions

D_(OW): Maximum one-way fronthaul latency (e.g.: up to 500 us).

P_(CU): Maximum IIs-CU processing time (reading an upstream RU c-planemessage, MAC processing, sending the downstream U-plane data) (e.g.: upto 1 ms).

P_(RU): Maximum RU processing time (sending an upstream c-plane message,receiving downstream U-plane data, transmitting U-plane data OTA) (e.g.:up to 1 ms).

B_(RU): RU Buffer depth (for LAA) ceiled to an integer number of OFDMsymbols in us (up to 140 symbols (e.g., MCOT). This is equivalent to theminimum amount of data that must be buffered at the RU. This parametercould be less than or equal to the actual RU buffer size sent in the LAARU capability info.

Each RU must satisfy the following equation:B _(RU)≥2×D _(Ow) +P _(CU) +P _(RU)

Expired symbol: symbol where the current time at the RU exceeds itstarget transmission time (i.e., SFN/SF) OTA.

Normal (partially-filled) SF assumption: T_(start) is the start of thetransmission time, which occurs at the first SF (slot) boundary the RUencounters after starting the LBT CAT 4 process. Initially known to theCU 102 (since it sends the LBT start time), it can be updated inreal-time based on the LBT outcome and the communication between theIIs-CU and RU.

LBT_DL.indication Threshold (LBT_(th)): The latest time the IIs-CU isexpected to receive the LBT_DL.indication message from the RU.LBT_(th) =T _(start)−(P _(RU) +D _(OW) +P _(cu))

CU 103 Transmission time threshold (CUT_(th)): The time at which theIIs-CU is required to send the data to the RU to be transmitted OTA attime T_(start)CUT_(rh) =T _(start)−(P _(RU) +D _(OW) +P _(CU))

$x = \{ \begin{matrix}{{1\mspace{14mu}{ms}},} & {{Normal}\mspace{14mu}{SF}} \\{{0.5\mspace{14mu}{ms}},} & {{Partially}\text{-}{filled}\mspace{14mu}{SF}}\end{matrix} $

Guidelines for LAA Implementation in Cloud RAN:

The RU should have a buffer that satisfies the following equation:B _(RU)≥2×D _(OW) +P _(CU) +P _(RU)

IIs-CU should avoid buffer overflow or underflow at the RU.

IIs-CU should only send B_(RU) worth of data to the RU for every singletransmission.

IIs-CU should expect for the data to be received at the RU only P_(RU)before the actual OTA transmission time at the RU.

RU should avoid buffer overflow or underflow at the RU.

RU should flush its buffer (by dropping any expired symbols) as soon asany symbol becomes expired (i.e., current time is larger than thesymbol's scheduled time).

RU should immediately send a success LBT indication to the IIs-CU oncethe channel is acquired.

On LBT CAT 4, the IIs-CU can configure the RU (via the M-plane) with thethreshold on the LBT CAT 4 duration (e.g., 8 ms). Once this thresholdhas been exceeded, the RU sends a failure LBT indication to the IIs-CU,which in return sends back a new LBT config request. The RU can thenrestart the LBT CAT 4 process.

The data signal may be received at the RU before or after theLBT_PDSCH_REQ.

The IIs-CU can send a new LBT config message for every LBT indication orit can receive multiple LBT indications (with failure outcomes) and senda new LBT config message if it receives an LBT indication with successoutcome. At this point, it resets the LBT phase and starts a new onewith a new LBT config message. In general, the LBT indication could besent after each sensing period (e.g., every 9 microseconds) or it can besent only for the success outcome (i.e., after acquiring the channel).

FIG. 13 is a flow chart illustrating a PDSCH transmission algorithm fora CU 102. After a start block 200, at block 201 the CU 102 sends B_(RU)amount of data to the RRU at CUT_(th).to be transmitted OTA. At block202, for the target SFN/SF, the CU 102 sends an LBT_PDSCH_REQ request.At block 203, the CU 102 determines if the LBT_PDSCH_RSP response isreceived from the RU at the CU. At block 204, if the response has asuccessful outcome, the CU 102 determines if the LBT_PDSCH_RSP responseis successful. If not (e.g., LBT timer is expired), at block 205 the LBTprocess is reset, and at block 210 the CU 102 ends the transmission. Atblock 204, if the LBT_PDSCH_RSP response from the RU is successful(success), at block 206 the CU 102 increments T_(start) by buffer depthT_(start)=T_(start) B_(RU). At block 207, the CU 102 also determines ifthe remaining data is less than the buffer depth of the RU B_(RU). Ifso, at block 209 the CU 102 sends the remaining data to the RU atCUT_(th). If the remaining data is not less than the buffer depth of theRU B_(RU), at block 208 the CU 102 only sends B_(RU) worth of data tothe RU.

If at block 203 the CU 102 determines the LBT_PDSCH_RSP response has notbeen received from the RU, at block 211 the CU 102 determines if thecurrent time is the latest time the IIs-CU is expected to receive theLBT_DL.indication message from the RU T_(NOW)=LBT_(TH). If so, at block212, the IIs-CU 102 updates the time where data is supposed to betransmitted OTA T_(start)=T_(start)+┌B_(RU)┐, and returns to block 203to await the LBT_PDSCH_RSP response and continue the process from there(┌a┐: at is the ceiling of number “a” to the nearest x, where x is 1 msfor normal SF and 0.5 ms for partially-filled SF). If not, at block 213the CU 102 determines if the current time is equal to the CU 102transmission time threshold CUT_(th). If so, at block 214 the CU sendsB_(RU) worth of data. If not, the CU 102 then returns to determining ifthe LBT_PDSCH_RSP response has been received to block 203 and continuesthe process from there.

FIGS. 14A-14B are a flow chart for a PDSCH transmission algorithm for aRU. After a start block 300, at block 301 the RU determines if data isreceived. If not, the RU continues checking to determine if data isreceived. When the RU determines data is received, at block 302 the RUdetermines if the amount of data is larger than the RU's buffer B_(RU).If so, at block 303 the RU send an error message to the CU. If theamount of data does not exceed the RU's buffer, at block 304 the RUbuffers the data.

At block 305, the RU determines if it has received an LBT_PDSCH_REQrequest from the CU. At block 306, if the request is confirmed to bereceived, the RU starts LBT CAT 4 spectrum sensing. At block 307, the RUdetermines if the LBT CAT 4 timer has expired. If so, at block 308 theRU sends a failure message to the CU (LBT_PDSCH_RSP: failure outcome)and terminates the process at block 319. If at block 307 the LBT CATtimer has not expired, at block 309 the RU determines if the currenttime is the start time and if the channel is not acquired. If so, atblock 310 the RU increments the T_(start) by x, T_(start)=T_(start)+xand returns to block 306 to continue the LBT CAT 4 spectrum sensing. Ifnot, at block 311 the RU determines if a channel is acquired at Tacq. Ifthe channel is not acquired, at block 312 the RU discards any expiredsymbols from the buffer and buffers any new received data. The RU thenreturns to block 306 to continue the LBT CAT 4 spectrum sensing.

If the channel is acquired at block 311, at block 313 the RU sends asuccess message to the CU (LBT_PDCH_RSP: success outcome). At block 314,the RU sends a reservation signal OTA until T_(START). At block 315, theRU sends the buffered data OTA. At block 316, the RU updates T_(start)as T_(start)=T_(start)+B_(RU). At block 317, the RU also determines ifthe received data is less than the buffer depth of the RU B_(RU). If so,at block 318 the RU continues to send the buffered data OTA. The processends at block 319. If the remaining data is not less than the bufferdepth of the RU B_(RU), the RU returns to block 315 to send buffereddata OTA and performs the data reception check again at block 317.

FIG. 15 is a shading code for an RU spectrum sensing (dots) reservationsignal (diagonal lines) and sending data OTA (horizontal lines) used inFIGS. 15-19, 22 and 24.

FIGS. 15-18 are an embodiment and examples to address Fronthaul NormalSF support as described in FIGS. 13-15B above. Assumptions for thefollowing examples are:

2×D_(OW): 5 symbols duration

P_(CU): 1 symbol duration (divided between UL and DL processing)

P_(RU): 1 symbol duration (divided between UL and DL processing)

B_(RU): 1 slot worth of data

Normal CP

As will be appreciated parameters are not required to be integer numberof OFDM symbols. This is assumed only for simplicity.

Embodiment 1 Example 1

FIG. 15 is an embodiment where the LBT is less than one subframe.

Example 2

FIG. 16 is an embodiment where the LBT is greater than one subframe.

Example 3

FIG. 17 is an embodiment where the LBT is less than one slot.

Example 4

FIG. 18 is an embodiment where the LBT is greater than one slot.

Embodiment 2

FIG. 19 is another embodiment and examples for PDSCH transmission(normal and partially-filled SFs options) support as described in FIGS.13-14B above. Assumptions for the following examples are:Constraint: B _(RU) ≥D _(OW) +P _(CU) +P _(RU)

CU Transmission time threshold (CUT_(th)): The time at which the IIs-CUis required to send the data to the RU to be transmitted OTA at timeT_(start)CUT _(th) =T _(start)−(P _(RU) +D _(OW) +P _(CU))

One variant of the first embodiment is to let the IIs-CU stream the datacontinuously to the RU in chunks of B _(RU) starting at time CUT_(th)and with period B _(RU) until it gets the LBT_PDSCH_RSP with a successoutcome.

At this point, the IIs-CU calculates the number of remaining symbolsthat need to be transmitted till the end of MCOT.

The IIs-CU continues the streaming of the B _(RU) chunks of data withperiod B _(RU) until the end of the MCOT.

The RU follows the same algorithm for embodiment 1. However, B_(RU)needs to be replaced with B _(RU).

An exemplary advantage of embodiment 2 is that it has a smaller RUbuffer constraint than embodiment 1.

Example 4

FIG. 19 shows an embodiment where the LBT is greater than one subframe.

DRS Transmission

For DRS transmission, it is noted that:

-   -   PSS/SSS being part of a DRS can occur outside subframe 0 and 5.    -   CRS/CSI-RS/PSS/SSS do not vary with subframe # but are kept        unchanged across subframes 0-4 (call it DRS_v1) and 5-9        (DRS_v2).    -   DRS transmission (from CU to RU) can be done once at the        beginning (e.g., initial configuration or at the first DRS        transmission instant), and optionally can be sent every DRS        period (from the CU to the RU).

Assumption: DRS OTA transmission starts at the SF boundaries. It will beunderstood that proposed method can be adapted and applied to allow DRStransmission start time at any OFDM symbol. The same concept can be usedfor both cases.

The DRS signal may be received before or after the LBT_DRS_REQ.

DRS_(th,1)=SF0−(P_(RU)+D_(OW)+P_(cu))

DRS_(th,2)=SF5−(P_(RU)+D_(OW)+P_(c)u)

SF0: The start of SF 0

SF5: The start of SF 5

At DRS_(th,1), IIs-CU sends DRS_v1 (i.e., to be transmitted within SFs0-4).

At DRS_(th,2), IIs-CU sends DRS_v2 (i.e., to be transmitted within SFs5-9).

Optional: The IIs-CU can send a new LBT_DRS_REQ (with the new sensingparameters) for every failure outcome it receives.

Optional: The RU can generate the reference signals (e.g., DRS) locallyand keep them in the buffer.

Optional: The IIs-CU can send the reference signals to the RU once atthe initial configuration. The RU can keep them in buffers and use themaccordingly.

LBT indication with failure outcome could be sent for every sensingperiod.

DRS Transmission Algorithm

FIG. 20 is a flow chart illustrating a DRS transmission algorithm for aCU. After a start block 400, at block 401 the CU sends a correspondingDRS at DRS_(th,1) or DRS_(th,2). At block 402, at the target SFN/SF forsensing, the CU sends a LBT_DRS_REQ request. At block 403, the CUdetermines if the DMTC offset time has passed (this can be doneautomatically at the RU and IIs-CU or the IIs-CU can send an indicationmessage to the RU to stop the DRS transmission procedure). If so, atblock 408 the CU terminates the process. If not, at block 404 the systemdetermines if he current time is DRS_(th,1) orDRS_(th,2)·(T_(now)=DRS_(th,1) or T_(now)=DRS_(th,2)?). If so, at block405 the CU sends the corresponding DRS. If not, at block 406 the CUdetermines if the RU has received the LBT_DRS_RSP response. If not, theCU returns to block 403 to determine if the DMTC offset time has passedand continues the process. If the RU has received, the request, at block407 the CU determines if the outcome is successful, and if so, ends theprocess at block 408. If not, the CU returns to block 403 to determineif the DMTC offset time has passed to continue the process.

As will be appreciated, the DRS transmission algorithm for the IIs-CU isthe same for an RU configured for and doing 25 μs sensing as shown belowwith respect to FIG. 21 or for an RU configured for and doing LBT CAT 4sensing as shown below with respect to FIG. 22.

FIG. 21 is a flow chart for an embodiment of a DRS transmissionalgorithm for a RU doing 25 μs sensing. After a start block 500, atblock 501 the RU determines if a DRS is received, and if so, at block502 buffers the DRS. If the DRS is not received, the RU continues tolisten for the DRS.

After the DRS is buffered, at block 503, the RU determines if it hasreceived an LBT_DRS_REQ request from the CU. If so, at block 504, the RUdetermines if the DMTC offset time has passed. If so, at block 512 theRU terminates the process. If not, at block 505 the RU determines if anew DRS has been received. If not, at block 507, the RU starts LBTspectrum sensing (25 μs) at a configured time. If a new DRS has beenreceived, at block 506, the RU drops existing DRS buffered at block 502and buffers the new DRS. Then, at block 507, the RU starts LBT spectrumsensing (25 μs) at the configured time.

At block 508, the RU determines if the LBT spectrum sensing issuccessful. If not, at block 509, the RU sends a failure message(LBT_DRS_RSP: failure outcome), and the RU returns to block 504 todetermine if the DMTC offset time has passed and continues the process.If so, at block 510, the RU sends a success message (LBT_DRS_RSP:success outcome) and, at block 511, the RU send the DRS over the air tothe target device(s). Block 512 ends the process.

Example 5

FIG. 22 is an example of DRS—25 μs LBT as shown with respect to the flowcharts of FIGS. 20-21.

FIG. 23 is a flow chart illustrating a DRS transmission algorithm for aRU. After a start block 600, at block 601, the RU determines if a DRS isreceived, and if so, at block 602 buffers the DRS. If the DRS is notreceived, the RU continues to listen for the DRS. If not, at block 603,the RU determines if a LBT_DRS_REQ request been received. If not, the RUcontinues to listen and determine if the request has been received. Ifso, at block 605, the RU determines if the DMTC offset time has passed.If so, at block 614, the RU terminates the process. If not, at block605, the RU determines if a new DRS has been received. If not, at block607, the RU starts LBT CAT sensing at a configured time. If a new DRShas been received, at block 606, the RU drops existing DRS buffered atblock 502 and buffers the new DRS. Then, at block 607, the RU starts LBTCAT sensing at the configured time.

At block 608, the RU determines if the LBT CAT4 timer is expired. If so,at block 609, the RU sends a failure message (LBT_DRS_RSP: failureoutcome) and, at block 614, ends the process. If not, at block 610, theRU determines if a channel is acquired. If not, the RU returns to block604 to determine if the DMTC offset time has passed and continues theprocess from there.

If a channel is acquired at block 610, at block 611, the RU sends asuccess message (LBT_DRS_RSP: success outcome) and, at block 612, the RUsends the reservation signal OTA to the target device until the SFboundary. At block 613, at the SF boundary, the RU sends the DRS OTA.Block 614 ends the process.

Example 6

FIG. 24 is an example of DRS-LBT CAT 4 in accord with the method ofFIGS. 20 and 23.

Multi-Cell LAA: assigning LAA and non-LAA capable UEs to a cloud RANsolution that supports carrier aggregation among multiple licensed andunlicensed component carriers (CCs).

FIG. 25 is an embodiment for assigning LAA and non-LAA capable UEs tolicensed and unlicensed component carriers (CCs).

Tables 3-5 show a summary of UNII bands:

TABLE 3 E-UTRA UL/DL Operation UNII Frequency Number of Band Band Range(GHz) 20 MHz Channels DFS/TPC 46a UNII-1 5.15-5.25 4 Not required 46bUNII-2A 5.25-5.35 4 Required for Radar 46c UNII-2C  5.47-5.725 12Required for Radar 46d UNII-3 5.725-5.85  5 Not required UNII-4 5.85-5.925 N/A (used mainly for Not required DSRC/ITS)

TABLE 4 Carrier UNII-1 channel frequency number (MHz) 36 5180 40 5200 445220 48 5240

TABLE 5 Carrier UNII-3 channel frequency number (MHz) 149 5745 153 5765157 5785 161 5805 165 5825

3GPP TS 36.300 V15.1.0 (2018-04-03) describes a specification constraintwhen aggregating multiple LAA cells:

“If the absence of IEEE802.11n/11ac devices sharing the carrier cannotbe guaranteed on a long-term basis (e.g., by level of regulation). Forthis release if the maximum number of unlicensed channels that E-UTRANcan simultaneously transmit on is equal to or less than 4, the maximumfrequency separation between any two carrier center frequencies on whichLAA SCell transmissions are performed should be less than or equal to 62MHz. The UE is required to support frequency separation in accordancewith TS 36.133 [21].”

For purposes of illustration, some assumptions are made about the numberof LAA cells, the supported bands, and the like in the followingdescription. Ordinarily skilled artisans will understand that thefollowing methods can be generalized do not require these assumptions.However, these assumptions are only given for illustration (and to giveexamples) and not to restrict the exemplary methods described.

Band combinations for 3 and 4 LAA cells are shown below (as an example).For simplicity and illustration, only bands that do not requirecoexistence with Radar (i.e., UNII-1 and UNII-3) are described, shownbelow in Table 6.

TABLE 6 3 unlicensed LAA cells 4 unlicensed LAA cells 3 UNII-1 4 UNII-12 UNII-1 + 1 UNII-2A 3 UNII-1 + 1 UNII-2A 1 UNII-1 + 2 UNII-2A 2UNII-1 + 2 UNII-2A 3 UNII-2A 1 UNII-1 + 3 UNII-2A 3 UNII-2C 4 UNII-2A 2UNII-2C + 1 UNII-3 4 UNII-2C 1 UNII-2C + 2 UNII-3 3 UNII-2C + 1 UNII-3 3UNII-3 2 UNII-2C + 2 UNII-3 1 UNII-2C + 3 UNII-3 4 UNII-3

In the following algorithm, it is assumed that the CA combinationbetween licensed and unlicensed bands are supported by the UE based on3GPP TS 36.104 V15.2.0 (2018-04-06). The IIs-CU can filter the supportedbands by the RU to the CA combinations supported by 3GPP.

Algorithm 1: IIs-CU/RU handshake algorithm for initial channel selection(M-plane).

During initial configurations, RU will inform the IIs-CU about itscapabilities. This includes whether it supports LAA or not, maximumnumber of LAA CCs it can support, RU buffer size per CC, the supportedbands at the RU (e.g., 46a, 46d), supported bandwidths, and the like.

Based on the supported bands, the IIs-CU will order the RU to startmeasurements for these bands (e.g., to scan band 46a (UNII-1) and band46d (only UNII-3 band).

In the “startMeasurements” message, the IIs-CU will inform the RU aboutthe bands numbers, channels carrier frequency, total measurementduration.

The RU will calculate the average RSSI and the occupancy ratio for eachchannel and send the measurements back to the IIs-CU.

The IIs-CU lists all the “valid” available unlicensed band combinationsbased on the RU capabilities (e.g., the IIs-CU can either selects UNII-1or UNII-3 band to operate on if only these two bands are supported i.e.,3 or 4 CCs in UNII-1 or 3 or 4 CCs in UNII-3). As an example,

$\begin{pmatrix}n \\k\end{pmatrix} = \frac{n!}{{( {n - k} )!}{k!}}$for n=4 channels (UNII-1 band only) and

$k = {{3\mspace{14mu}{CCs}\begin{pmatrix}4 \\3\end{pmatrix}} = {4\mspace{14mu}{{combinations}\;.}}}$The RU needs to select ONLY the valid combinations.

For another example, for n=5 channels and k=3 CC, there are 10combinations. 3 of them are not valid:

149/153/157

149/153/161

149/153/165 ** Not valid

149/157/161

149/157/165 ** Not valid

149/161/165 ** Not valid

153/157/161

153/157/165

153/161/165

157/161/165

Based on the received measurements, the IIs-CU calculates the averageRSSI and occupancy ratios for different band combinations as shownbelow. As an example, for 4 CC, the IIs-CU average the measurements(RSSI and occupancy ratios) for the 4 channels in a single combination.

TABLE 7 4 CCs example Average occupancy Passed Band (if UNII-1 and 3RSSI ratio Occupancy occupancy Combination are only over 4 over ratiorank ratio Selected index supported) CCs 4 CCs (1:best) thresholdcombination 1 36/40/44/48 2 Yes 2 149/153/157/161 1 Yes Selected 3153/157/161/165 3

TABLE 8 3 CCs example (if Average Passed Band UNII-1 and RSSI occupancyOccupancy occupancy Combination 3 are only over 3 ratio over ratio rankratio Selected index supported) CCs 4 CCs (1:best) threshold combination1 36/40/44 5 Yes 2 36/40/48 3 Yes Selected 3 36/44/48 4 Yes 4 40/44/48 65 149/153/157 11 6 149/153/161 1 Yes 7 149/157/161 10 8 153/157/161 7 9153/157/165 9 10 153/161/165 2 Yes 11 157/161/165 8

The IIs-CU ranks the band combinations based on the occupancy ratios.

The IIs-CU filters the combinations based on an occupancy ratiothreshold (i.e., create a set of combinations with occupancy ratiosbelow a predefined threshold, for example 20%).

The IIs-CU selects the band combination with the minimum RSSI among thefiltered set (i.e., combinations with occupancy ratio below theoccupancy ratio threshold).

Algorithm 2: DFS Algorithm for multiCell (M-plane)

The RU collects measurements periodically about the supported unlicensedbands and send these measurements to the IIs-CU based on theconfiguration parameters in the initial handshake (e.g., DFS measurementreport period).

These measurements can be trigged by a “stopMeasurements” message (whichincludes the bands to scan, channels carrier frequencies, measurementreport period) and stopped by a “stopMeasurements” message.

For every measurement report, the IIs-CU repeats algorithm 1 bycalculating the average parameters over the channels of a single bandcombination, rank them based on the occupancy ratios, filter the setbased on the predefined threshold, and select the best combination basedwith minimum average RSSI.

In one exemplary implementation of the algorithm, the DFS measurementreport period can be adapted by the IIs-CU based on how fast frequencyhopping is allowed. As an example, the IIs-CU can only allow DFS 1-4times per day to minimize service disruption.

In another exemplary implementation of the algorithm, the IIs-CU canonly switch band combinations if the difference between the average RSSIof the currently used combination and the minimum average RSSI (afterDFS measurement) is larger than a predefined threshold.

In another exemplary implementation of the algorithm, the IIs-CU canonly switch band combinations if the difference between the occupancyratio of the currently used combination and the minimum occupancy ratio(after DFS measurement) is larger than a predefined threshold.

In another exemplary implementation of the algorithm, the IIs-CU canonly switch band combinations if the difference between the average RSSIof the currently used combination and the minimum average RSSI (afterDFS measurement) is larger than a predefined threshold or if thedifference between the occupancy ratio of the currently used combinationand the minimum occupancy ratio (after DFS measurement) is larger than apredefined threshold.

Algorithm 3: UEs Assignment/Allocation to licensed/unlicensed cells.

Part 1: Initial Assignment:

Divide UEs into two groups: LAA-capable UEs and Non-LAA capable UEs.

Assign non-LAA capable UEs to licensed CCs.

Assign LAA-capable UEs to licensed CCs until the licensed cell loadreaches a maximum threshold (licensed CC utilization threshold:LCU_(th)) (e.g., LCU_(th)=70% utilization).

If LAA-capable UEs still remain unassigned while the maximum thresholdof all licensed CCs is reached, assign LAA-capable UEs to unlicensed CCs(based on algorithm 3.1, described below).

Part 2: Real-time operation and optimization:

For every new UE, if the UE is non-LAA capable, assign it to a licensedCC (this may cause increase in the licensed CCs utilization. However,this is be solved in the periodic re-distribution of LAA-capable UEs).If the UE is a LAA-capable, assign it to an unlicensed CC (based onalgorithm 3.1).

For every period T_(alloc) (e.g., T_(alloc), =60 mins), the IIs-CUre-distribute all the LAA-capable UEs to licensed and unlicensedchannels with the following objectives:

Reduce the utilization on the licensed CCs to LCU_(th).

Optimally assign the LAA-capable UEs to the unlicensed CCs based on eachUE reported CQI.

Balance the load on all CCs.

Periodic re-distribution of LAA capable UEs is done similar to theinitial assignment.

Assign LAA-capable UEs to licensed CCs until the licensed cell loadreaches a maximum threshold (licensed CC utilization threshold:LCU_(th)) (e.g., LCU_(th)=70% utilization).

If LAA-capable UEs still remain unassigned while the maximum thresholdof all licensed CCs is reached, assign LAA-capable UEs to unlicensed CCs(based on algorithm 3.1).

T_(alloc) should be adapted based on the deviation from LCU_(th). As thelicensed CCs utilization increases, T_(alloc) should decrease to avoidblocking of non-LAA capable UEs to licensed CCs.

Algorithm 3.1: LAA-capable UEs assignment to unlicensed CCs afterreaching LCU_(th) on licensed CCs.

If the number of unlicensed CCs equal to one, assign all the LAA-capableUEs to the unlicensed CC.

If the number of unlicensed CCs is ≥1:

Build a matrix for the LAA-capable UEs utility function for differentunlicensed CCs. There are four parameters affecting the UE assignment tounlicensed CCS (i.e., the utility function):

-   -   Cell load    -   UE channel gain (or CQI)    -   DFS measurements: Occupancy ratio    -   DFS measurements: Average RSSI

The simplified utility function for user (i) operating over CC (j) canbe represented as:

$U_{ij} = {( {1 - R_{oj}} )*P_{sj}*B*{\log( {1 + \frac{P_{Tj}*{h_{ij}}^{2}}{{N_{o}B} + I_{j}}} )}}$

Where:

-   -   R_(oj) is the latest reported occupancy ratio (derived from the        carrier-selection/DFS measurements) for unlicensed CC j. This        takes into account the crowdedness of the channel.    -   P_(sj) is the probability of user scheduling over channel (j).        This takes into account the cell load. P_(sj)=1/N_(Uj), where        N_(Uj) is the current number of UEs added to CC j.    -   B: channel bandwidth.    -   P_(Ti) is the transmission power of the RU over CC j.    -   h_(ij) is the channel gain of UE (i) over CC j assuming        reciprocal CSI is known at the RU.    -   N_(o) is the noise power spectral density at the UE (assume        constant among all UEs if information is not available).    -   I_(j) is the approximated external interference at the UE (e.g.,        from neighboring Wi-Fi access points, and the like). This can be        derived from the latest average RSSI value reported from the RU        during channel measurement (i.e., for carrier-selection/DFS).        This is based on the assumption that external interference per        CC is uniform among RU and UEs.

Ordinarily skilled artisans will understand that other utility functionsthat capture the aforementioned parameters (or any other parametersaffecting the UEs performance) can be used as well to model theassignment problem.

TABLE 9 CC1 CC2 . . . CCu U1 U₁₁ U₁₂ U_(1u) U2 U₂₁ U₂₂ U_(2u) . . . . .. Um U_(m1) U_(m2) U_(mu)

Solution 1: Iterative Hungarian Method:

One exemplary solution is to use a modified version of the Hungarianmethod. The Hungarian method can be used to solve assignment problems inpolynomial time O(n³).

Objective: To maximize the sum of the utility functions whilemaintaining equal load balance on all unlicensed CCs.

Step X: Create a sub-matrix from the original matrix with a number ofUEs equal to the number of unlicensed CCs. This will be the cost matrix(with negative utilities).

Solve the assignment problem using the regular Hungarian method (noweach UE of the sub-matrix will be assigned to a single unlicensed CC andeach unlicensed CC will have a single UE from the sub-matrix).

Remove the rows from the original matrix corresponding to the UEsalready assigned to unlicensed CCs. Call this new matrix the originalmatrix.

Go to Step X.

Solution 2:

Another exemplary solution that should return higher total utility butwill not maintain comparable load balance among unlicensed CCs is asfollows:

Step Y: Iterate over the UEs in the original matrix.

For every UE, select the unlicensed CC that return the maximum utilityfunction.

Check if the selected CC has reached its maximum allowable load (can bepre-defined as a function of the number of UEs).

If yes, remove the CC column from the original matrix. Call this newmatrix as the original matrix. Go to step Y.

If no, go to step Y.

Fronthaul Transmission Rate Adaptation

In C-RANs, the BBU 103 transmits the data packets to the RRU 105 aheadof time to compensate for the fronthaul latency. This fronthaul latencyis function of several factors including the physical distance betweenthe BBU 103 and the RRU 105, transport network, network congestion, andthe like.

One problem that faces C-RANs (for both licensed and unlicensedspectrum) is to determine the amount of data packets that need to betransmitted from the BBU 103 to the RRU 105 to avoid buffer overflow andbuffer underflow at the RRU. Usually, a single BBU 103 can supportmultiple RRUs.

FIG. 26 is an embodiment of a configuration and method of fronthaul rateadaptation, described as follows.

-   -   1) After RRU 105 bootup, the BBU 103 sends multiple pilot        messages to the RRU 105, each includes a timestamp for the        transmission time (at the BBU 103).    -   2) The RRU 105 replies with a response message to each pilot        message, and each reply includes the time the RRU 105 can        receive the pilot message.    -   3) Based on the buffer size at the RRU 105 and the fronthaul        latency, the BBU 103 adapts the transmission rate to the RRU 105        (this is different from the transmission rate OTA).

The first pilot/response messages exchanged between the BBU 103 and theRRU 105 capture the physical distance latency between the BBU 103 andthe RRU 105, transport network latency, and other fixed parameters thatintroduce fixed latency.

-   -   4) To cover other dynamic changes in the fronthaul latency, the        RRU 105 periodically sends the buffer status to the BBU 103.    -   5) The BBU 103 and the RRU 105 periodically exchange the        pilot/response messages to refine the estimated fronthaul        latency.    -   6) The BBU 103 adapts the fronthaul transmission rate based on        the fronthaul latency and the RRU 105 buffer size.    -   7) If the fronthaul latency increases, the BBU 103 can increase        the fronthaul transmission rate for a short period to compensate        for that delay and then reduce it back to normal. Vice versa is        true. Similarly, for the RRU 105 buffer size.    -   8) For LAA, a similar concept (used for varying fronthaul        latency) can be applied for varying LBT delay.        -   a. LBT delay is defined as the amount of time needed by the            RRU 105 to sense the spectrum to transmit specific data            packets.        -   b. LBT delay can vary based on various metrics such as            network density, traffic priority class, traffic size, and            the like.        -   c. Varying LBT latency plays a crucial role in determining            the RRU 105 buffer size.        -   d. The BBU 103 adapts the fronthaul transmission rate based            on the LBT latency in a similar fashion to the fronthaul            latency.

Systems and components thereof for employing embodiments of the presentdisclosure can comprise a central processing unit (CPU) or any otherprocessor. The input unit can comprise a receiver, transceiver or anyother means for receiving. The output unit can comprise a transmitter,transceiver or any other means for transmitting. The input unit and theoutput unit of the apparatus can be functionalities running on theprocessor of the apparatus or alternatively can be separate functionalcomponents. They can also be implemented as integral transceivers. Theinput unit and the output unit can be implemented e.g. as physicaltransmitters/receivers for transceiving via an interface, as routingentities for sending/receiving data packets in a PS (packet switched)network, or as any suitable combination thereof. Systems and componentsthereof can also exchange information over internal interfaces.

Each component can be configured to process various data inputs and tocontrol the input unit and the output unit. Each component can furthercomprise a memory. The memory can serve to store code for carrying outthe methods according to the examples of the present embodiments.

One of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the architectureof systems described herein are non-limiting examples that isillustrative of at least a portion of at least one embodiment. As such,more or less components can be employed and/or arranged differentlywithout departing from the scope of the innovations described herein.

Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) technology standards andreports referred to herein, and the entirety of each of which areincorporated by reference hereby, include:

3GPP TR 38.801 V14.0.0 (2017-03)

3GPP TR 36.889 V13.0.0 (2015-06)

3GPP TS 36.211 V14.3.0 (2017-06)

3GPP TS 36.300 V15.1.0 (2018-04-03)

XRAN-FH.CUS.0-v01.00.02 (2018-04-04)

3GPP TS 36.213 V15.1.0 (2018-03)

The invention claimed is:
 1. A method comprising: transmitting, from alower layer a Baseband Unit (BBU) of a Cloud based Radio Access Network(C-RAN) to a layer of a Remote Radio Unit (RRU) of the C-RAN, via afronthaul interface, a data transmission at a target subframe agreed onbetween the BBU and the RRU, wherein the data is sent before the RRUperforms a Listen Before Talk (LBT) operation for the data, wherein theBBU has a Control Unit (CU) that is configured to set a timer, based onan end-to-end latency requirement of data traffic, and is configured toattempt transmission on an unlicensed band of a cell operating in anunlicensed spectrum, and the CU is configured to transmit an RRU bufferdepth (BRU) amount of the data at a CU transmission time threshold atwhich the CU is required to transmit the data to the RRU to betransmitted over the air (OTA) at T start (CUTth).
 2. The method ofclaim 1, wherein the CU is further configured to: for the targetsubframe, transmit an LBT physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH)request to the RRU; determine if an LBT PDSCH response is received fromthe RRU at the CU; determine if the LBT PDSCH response is successful;and if the LBT PDSCH response is successful, increment a CU transmissionstart time (T_(start)) by a buffer depth of the RRU(T_(start)=T_(start)+B_(RU).), or reset the LBT operation if thereceived LBT PDSCH response is not successful.
 3. The method of claim 2,wherein the CU is further configured to: increment the CU transmissionstart time (T_(start)) by the buffer depth of the RRU(T_(start)=T_(start)+B_(RU).) when the LBT PDSCH response from the RRUis determined to be successful; determine if the remaining data is lessthan the buffer depth of the RRU (B_(RU)); and if so, transmit theremaining data to the RRU at the CU transmission time thresholdCUT_(th), or if not, transmit only the B_(RU) amount of data to the RRU.4. The method of claim 3, wherein if the CU determines that the LBTPDSCH response is not received from the RRU at the CU, the CU is furtherconfigured to: determine if a current time is a latest time the CU isexpected to receive the LBT PDSCH response from the RRU(T_(NOW)=LBT_(TH)); if so, update the time when the data is supposed tobe transmitted OTA (OTA T_(start)=T_(start)+┌B_(RU)┐); and continue todetermine if the LBT PDSCH response is not received from the RRU at theCU.
 5. The method of claim 3, wherein if the CU determines the currenttime is not the latest time the CU is expected to receive the LBT PDSCHresponse from the RRU (T_(NOW)=LBT_(TH)), the CU is further configuredto: determine if the current time is equal to the CU transmission timethreshold CUT_(th), and: if so, transmit B_(RU) worth of data; or ifnot, return to determining if the LBT PDSCH response has been received.6. The method of claim 1, wherein the RRU is configured to: determine ifan LBT physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) request is transmittedby the CU; start an LBT spectrum sensing if the LBT PDSCH request isreceived from the CU; determine if an LBT timer for the LBT spectrumsensing has expired; and if the LBT timer has expired, if the send afailure message to the CU and terminate the LBT process; or if the LBTtimer has not expired, determine that a current time is a start time(T_(start)) and whether a channel is not acquired; and if no channel isacquired, increment the T_(start) by x(T_(start)=T_(start)+x) andcontinue the LBT spectrum sensing.
 7. The method of claim 6, wherein theRRU is further configured to: determine if a channel is acquired at timeTacq; and if no channel is acquired, discard any expired symbols from abuffer of the RRU and buffer any newly received data; and continue theLBT spectrum sensing.
 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the RRU isfurther configured to: if the channel is acquired, send an LBT PDSCHsuccess message to the CU; send a reservation signal OTA untilT_(start); send the buffered data OTA and update T_(start) asT_(start)=T_(start)+B_(RU); determine if the buffered data is less thanthe buffer depth of the RRU B_(RU); and if so, continue to send thebuffered data OTA; and if the remaining buffered data is not less thanthe buffer depth of the RRU B_(RU), send the remaining buffered data OTAand perform a data reception check.